Answering Christianity Research Center

According to the false Torah, Noah, his wife, three sons, and three daughters-in-law boarded the ark as a complete family and survived the Flood. This narrative gives the impression that salvation is almost a matter of lineage and blood ties.

Genesis 7:7: "Noah, his sons, his wife, and his daughters-in-law boarded the ark to escape the Flood.

The Holy Quran's Correction: The Quran reveals the deep theological truth behind this event. Salvation is not through lineage but through faith and submission. Noah's son refused to board the ark with his father because he disbelieved and was among those who drowned. Similarly, it is stated that the wives of Noah and Lot were destroyed because they "betrayed.

Surah Hud, verses 42-43: "While the ark was carrying them through waves like mountains, Noah called out to his son who was standing apart, 'My dear son, come aboard with us and do not be with the disbelievers!' He replied, 'I will take refuge on a mountain that will protect me from the water.' Noah said, 'Today, there is no protection from Allah's decree except for those He has mercy on.' Then a wave came between them, and he was among the drowned."

Surah Tahrim, verse 10: "Allah presents an example for those who disbelieve: the wife of Noah and the wife of Lot. They were under two of Our righteous servants but betrayed them. So their husbands did not avail them against Allah at all, and it was said, 'Enter the Fire with those who enter."

The Quran emphasizes that being from the "prophet's lineage" is not a guarantee for salvation, but faith is a personal choice and responsibility, thereby fundamentally correcting the concepts of "chosen lineage" and "salvation through baptism" in Judaism and Christianity, which are based on blood ties or rituals.

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The Stern Judgment of the Altered Torah: The Torah lays down an exceptionally strict rule concerning intentional homicide: "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot." This rule offers the family of the slain no authority to forgive or the option to receive blood money (diyah). The punishment is invariably the execution of the murderer. There is no alternative path such as forgiveness or compensation.

Exodus 21:23-24: "...thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot."

The Quran's Correction and Added Dimension of Mercy: The Quran acknowledges qisas (retaliation in kind) as a right. However, it immediately presents a revolutionary option not found in the corrupted texts: forgiveness and diyah (blood money). The Quran grants the guardian (family) of the victim the right to forgive the murderer or to waive qisas in exchange for a payment. It even encourages forgiveness.

Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 178: "...O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those murdered... But whoever is forgiven by his brother for anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy."

The Significance of the Correction: The Quran does not view justice solely as punishment. It integrates mercy, social peace, and the principle of protecting human life into the concept of justice. It transforms the rigid and single-option ruling of the Torah into a more humane, flexible, and merciful legal system. This is a perfect correction demonstrating that God's religion is not merely about punishment but is also founded on forgiveness and mercy. This "forgiveness and diyah" option is a provision unique to the Quran and not found in the Torah.

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Ambiguity and Practice in Altered Texts

In the false Torah, a system was established in which the priests and clergy from the line of Levi were sustained by the offerings and taxes (tithes) presented by the people. This turned religious service into a professional occupation and a source of livelihood. Similarly, in the false Gospel, Paul states that "those who preach the gospel should receive their living from the gospel" (1 Corinthians 9:14). This situation creates the perception that the divine message can be delivered with the expectation of material reward.

The Quran's Correction and the Universal Principle of the Prophets

The Quran repeatedly emphasizes a common principle of all prophets, from Noah to Muhammad (peace be upon them all): They never demanded any material wage or personal gain from their people in return for their message. Their only expectation was to receive their reward from Allah alone.

Surah Ash-Shu'ara, Verses 109, 127, 145, 164, 180 (The recurring statement from the tongues of Noah, Hud, Salih, Lot, and Shu'ayb):

"For this I ask of you no wage. My wage is only from the Lord of the worlds."

Surah Ya-Sin, Verse 21:

"Follow those who ask no reward of you, and who are rightly guided."

The Significance of the Correction

The Quran fundamentally rejects the transformation of religion and its message into a source of income or a professional occupation. It teaches that one of the greatest proofs of a message's divine origin is that its bearer seeks no worldly gain. By presenting this principle as a common denominator for all prophets, the Quran critiques the "clerical class" and the systems of "providing for clergymen" that developed over time in previous religions, and it reveals that this was not the true Sunnah (way/practice) of the prophets.

When describing paradise in the verses, particular emphasis is placed on the four rivers of paradise. These rivers are not only geographical features but are also interpreted as representations of various forms of blessings and sustenance. In this article, I share my perspective that these four rivers are both literal and symbolic, encompassing a wide range of divine favors—from the readily available resources of nature to the products obtained through animals and insects, and even those produced by human effort.

First, let us remember that the Quran is a clear book, and we are to believe in the primary, explicit meanings of the verses. Only afterward should we reflect on any secondary or tertiary meanings and representations they may have. This is an exercise in intellectual exploration.

Descriptions of Paradise and Hell are similarly literal truths. They are not metaphorical or symbolic but direct depictions of real scenes as narrated in the Quran. However, in the descriptions related to the Hereafter, examples are provided as a small part of the whole, offering clues about the larger picture. This method is encountered in many verses of the Quran. For example, the command to prepare war horses to deter enemies refers to both actual horses and all other forms of war technology (such as tanks, fighter jets, nuclear weapons, robots, etc.).

The rivers of paradise, likewise, primarily refer to actual rivers but also symbolize other elements. For instance, they suggest the existence of ponds, oceans, and other water bodies in paradise. Furthermore, the possibility that these rivers flow into and merge with larger water sources, such as lakes and seas, broadens our perspective and provides a more comprehensive view.

1. River of Water: The Readily Available Blessings of Nature

The first river of paradise, the "river of water," represents the essential and readily available blessings found in nature. Water is the source of life and indispensable for the survival of all living beings. In this context, the river of water symbolizes drinkable fresh water, rain, rivers, lakes, and seas. It also encompasses the vegetation, forests, fields, gardens, fruits, and vegetables sustained by water. This river serves as a metaphor for the natural resources and ecosystems that Allah has provided for all living beings to benefit from without effort. Additionally, the river of water signifies purification, cleanliness, and tranquility.

2. River of Milk: Blessings Obtained Through Animals

The "river of milk," another river of paradise, is both a literal river of milk and a representation of the blessings provided through animals. Milk, a nutritious and essential food, is vital for the healthy growth of young ones. The river of milk symbolizes not just milk but also other products derived from animals: meat, eggs, wool, leather, and so on. This river signifies Allah's provision of animals for human benefit and the various ways humans can utilize them.

3. River of Honey: Blessings Provided Through Insects

The third river, the "river of honey," represents the blessings offered through insects, particularly bees. Honey, a delicious and healing food, is a valuable product carefully crafted by bees from the nectar of plants. The river of honey signifies not only honey but also other products from insects, such as propolis, pollen, royal jelly, or silk. This river reflects the remarkable contributions of insects to human life and their role in Allah's provision.

4. River of Wine: Blessings Created Through Human Effort and Intelligence

The fourth river, the "river of wine," is both a literal river of wine in paradise and a symbol of the blessings produced through human effort and intelligence. Wine, a product of the collection and processing of foods, involves human knowledge, skill, and labor. However, in this context, wine is not limited to an alcoholic beverage; it represents all forms of value created by humans through processing nature, transforming raw materials, and innovating new products. This river symbolizes humanity's material and spiritual achievements throughout the journey of civilization, including agricultural products, industrial goods, handicrafts, technological advancements, and cultural creations. It also signifies creativity, innovation, and aesthetic values.

The Holy Quran

47:15: The description of the paradise promised to the righteous: In it are rivers of water that do not spoil, rivers of milk whose taste never changes, rivers of wine delightful to those who drink it, and rivers of purified honey. For them, there is every kind of fruit, along with forgiveness from their Lord. Can such a person be compared to someone who dwells eternally in the Fire and is given scalding water to drink that tears apart their intestines?

3:15: Say: "Shall I inform you of what is better than all this? For those who fear their Lord, there are gardens beneath which rivers flow, where they will abide forever, with purified spouses and pleasure from Allah. Allah sees His servants perfectly."

"There will be for them whatever their souls desire and their eyes delight in, and you will dwell therein forever." (Surah Az-Zukhruf 43:71)

7:32: Say: "Who has forbidden the adornments of Allah, which He has produced for His servants, and the good and pure provisions?" Say: "They are for those who believe during the worldly life, but exclusively for them on the Day of Resurrection." Thus, We detail the verses for a people who know.

The Confluence of Paradise Rivers with Lakes and Seas: The Infinity of Blessings

While we have pondered the literal existence of the four rivers of paradise, they also carry profound symbolic meanings. However, the journey of these rivers does not end here. Rivers naturally flow into larger bodies of water, such as lakes and seas. This continuous flow demonstrates that the blessings of paradise are not confined to specific elements but extend into a boundless and comprehensive abundance. The possibility of rivers flowing into lakes and seas in paradise is a powerful metaphor for the infinity and diversity of divine gifts.

Lakes: Abodes of Inner Peace and Tranquility

The lakes into which the rivers flow may symbolize spaces of inner peace, tranquility, and contemplation in paradise. Lakes are known for their calm and still waters, offering a sense of serenity and satisfaction to the dwellers of paradise. Surrounded by lush greenery, diverse bird species, and crystal-clear waters, these lakes reflect the aesthetic beauty and natural wealth of paradise. They can also serve as social spaces where the dwellers of paradise gather, converse, swim, and marvel at the divine wonders together.

Seas and Oceans: Manifestations of Infinity and Discovery

The larger bodies of water that the rivers flow into—the seas and oceans—proclaim the endlessness, boundlessness, and ever-renewing beauty of paradise's blessings. Seas and oceans, with their vastness, depth, and countless forms of life, inspire awe. Their expansiveness signifies that the blessings of paradise will never be exhausted but will continue to renew and multiply.

Moreover, the waters of paradise might host diverse species, symbolizing the richness and biological diversity of the eternal abode.

In conclusion, the confluence of paradise rivers into lakes and seas highlights the limitless nature, diversity, and inclusivity of divine blessings. It serves as a reminder that paradise is not only a place of eternal life but also one of everlasting joy and contentment. Along this journey, lakes and seas serve as harbors of inner peace and gateways to boundless exploration and discovery. Considering that the river of wine could also symbolize human-made technological blessings in this world, it may encompass interplanetary travel and exploration vehicles and other means in the Hereafter Universe (the Floor of the Lord).

The Glittering World of Pearls and Corals

The ocean floors of paradise, much like earthly oceans, may feature pearls and corals—but in forms far more dazzling and unique. Pearls, symbols of purity, elegance, and refinement, could serve as adornments and ornaments for the people of paradise. These pearls may not be limited to white but could radiate in the full spectrum of colors found in the universe, each of unmatched beauty and size. Corals, on the other hand, may form vibrant and mesmerizing reefs on the ocean beds of paradise. These reefs not only enhance the aesthetic appeal but also provide habitats for countless marine creatures to be discovered and admired by the inhabitants of paradise.

The oceans of paradise might also host extraordinary sea creatures beyond human imagination. These beings could not only captivate with their beauty but also amaze with their remarkable abilities. For instance, fish that communicate with the people of paradise, sing melodious songs, or emit radiant light could further enrich the magical ambiance of paradise. Marine life forms in paradise may exhibit greater intelligence, friendliness, and remarkable talents.

In summary, the oceans of paradise are likely to host not only unmatched beauty but also a breathtaking diversity of marine life, contributing to the eternal joy and discovery awaiting its dwellers.

A Feast of Delights from Aquatic Resources

The presence of heavenly oceans, lakes, and rivers indirectly suggests the existence of aquatic delicacies that offer unique flavors to the inhabitants of Paradise. The delicious fish and other marine creatures found in the earthly seas of our universe are present in far tastier and more nutritious forms on the heavenly tables of the Afterlife Universe, known as Rabbin Katı/Indallah (The Lord's Floor). Those in Paradise can access these delights whenever and however they wish. These rivers symbolize not only seafood but all the foods in the universe.

The Healing Power and Purifying Effect of Water

The waters of Paradise's springs are not only clean and crystal-clear but also possess healing and purifying properties. This water reflects that life in Paradise is not only pleasurable but also healthy and balanced. In other words, it represents vitality, purity, and health.

Underwater Cities and Crystal Palaces

If we continue to exercise our imagination, we may envision underwater cities and crystal palaces or other structures within the depths of Paradise's oceans. These structures, built with superhuman intelligence and aesthetics, must be of dazzling beauty and magnificence. These underwater cities offer a unique lifestyle where the inhabitants of Paradise can form a closer connection with the marine world and explore the mysteries of the ocean's depths. They demonstrate that life in Paradise continues not only on land but also underwater, surrounding the residents with beauty and blessings everywhere.

The cooling breezes blowing from the heavenly oceans enhance the already delightful climate of Paradise, providing refreshing comfort. These breezes can also carry the soothing melodies and sounds emanating from the ocean depths to the shores.

Opportunities for Travel and Exploration Over the Ocean

The inhabitants of Paradise can travel over the ocean on specially designed ships, boats, or marine vehicles to explore various islands, coasts, and underwater locations. These journeys allow the residents of Paradise to see new places and experience different adventures. Traveling over the oceans also helps them better understand the vastness and boundlessness of Paradise. During these travels, the people of Paradise can observe different manifestations of divine power and creativity, gain new knowledge, and deepen their understanding of divine wisdom. Of course, these rivers represent not only journeys in the aquatic world but also interplanetary travel within the Afterlife Universe.

All of these elements show that Paradise is a continuous realm of discovery and awe-inspiring experiences. The oceans of Paradise represent just a part of these infinite beauties and blessings, and every moment spent in these oceans allows the people of Paradise to feel Allah's love and mercy for His servants more deeply.

Luxurious Exploration and Pleasure Voyages in the Oceans of Paradise: Magnificent Transportation and Unlimited Travel Opportunities

The blessings and beauties offered by the oceans of Paradise are undoubtedly innumerable. For exploration and pleasure-filled journeys across these vast waters, the inhabitants of Paradise will have access to magnificent and comfortable transportation. Massive luxury ships, state-of-the-art submarines, and special air vehicles will enable them to descend into the depths of the oceans, glide across the surface, and soar through the skies, providing them with unique and unforgettable experiences.

Massive Luxury Ships: Floating Hotels and Entertainment Centers

The grand ships designed for travel across the oceans of Paradise resemble floating hotels. These ships serve not only as transportation but also as comfortable accommodations, entertainment hubs, and social spaces. The luxurious suites on board are equipped to meet every need. Spacious balconies allow the inhabitants of Paradise to enjoy breathtaking ocean views. The ships' gourmet restaurants offer exquisite delicacies from the cuisines of the Afterlife Universe. Indoor and outdoor swimming pools, sports/game halls, spa centers, cinemas, theaters, and concert venues ensure passengers have a fun and enjoyable time. The expansive decks, hot tubs, and private gardens provide ideal settings for relaxation and leisure.

These luxury ships can also feature various themes and concepts. For instance, some ships may be designed for adventure-filled exploration voyages, while others focus on relaxation and entertainment. Certain ships may reflect elements of specific cultures or civilizations. This way, individuals can choose ships suited to their interests and preferences, allowing for a personalized travel experience.

In Paradise, or the Afterlife Universe, natural, technological, and cultural blessings exist harmoniously, just as they do in our universe.

State-of-the-Art Submarines: Mystical Journeys into the Depths of the Ocean

To explore the mysteries of the depths of heavenly oceans, people can embark on advanced submarines. These submarines enable comfortable journeys to the deepest points of the ocean. Expansive panoramic windows allow heavenly residents to closely observe underwater life and unique scenery. The submarines are also equipped with the necessary tools for conducting scientific research, discovering new species, and uncovering secrets hidden in the ocean's depths.

Submarine voyages not only provide passengers with a visual feast but also offer opportunities to gain knowledge about the underwater world and to witness various manifestations of divine creation. During these underwater journeys, heavenly inhabitants may encounter never-before-seen species, study intriguing geological formations, and embark on thrilling adventures while exploring the mysterious world beneath the waves.

Luxury Air Vehicles: Freedom to Travel Over Oceans and Through the Skies

Heavenly residents may have access to personal or large group air vehicles designed for free travel over oceans and through the skies. These vehicles offer fast, secure, and comfortable transportation. The residents can travel to any destination of their choice, enjoying breathtaking views of the oceans and heavenly islands. These air vehicles also facilitate easy access to various islands, shores, and other heavenly locations.

The air vehicles may come in various designs and features. Some might offer a fast and sporty flying experience, while others provide a slower and more tranquil journey. Some air vehicles could be single- or multi-seaters, while others, like enormous luxury airships, can accommodate larger groups, resembling flying hotels. Heavenly residents can select air vehicles that suit their personal preferences and needs, relishing the freedom of travel. These vehicles also serve as ideal tools for exploring different regions of the heavenly realm, viewing diverse landscapes, and observing divine beauties from unique perspectives.

It is worth mentioning once again that interplanetary journeys in the Afterlife Universe (Rabbin Katı/Indallah) will also be conducted with luxurious space vehicles.

Personalized Travel Routes and Thematic Journeys

Heavenly residents can create personalized travel itineraries or participate in thematic journeys with these luxurious transportation options. For instance, those seeking adventurous explorations may dive into ocean depths, discover new islands, or observe exotic species. Those looking for leisure might embark on luxurious ships, participate in various onboard activities, and savor life on heavenly islands. Those interested in cultural heritage can visit unique cities, trace the footprints of different civilizations, and uncover the cultural richness of the heavenly realm.

Thematic journeys enable heavenly inhabitants to focus on specific subjects, gaining deeper knowledge and experiences. For example, during a marine biology-themed journey, residents might learn about oceanic species and ecosystems, engage in scientific research, and closely observe underwater life. In an astronomy-themed journey, they could acquire knowledge about the planets and celestial bodies in the Afterlife Universe (Lord's Floor)/Indallah), make observations using telescopes and advanced technologies, and explore the mysteries of the cosmic realm. In an art and history-themed journey, residents could visit artistic masterpieces, unique and intriguing structures, and cultural heritage sites spread across different heavenly regions.

AI-Assisted Guidance and Flawless Service

During these luxurious journeys, the residents of Paradise can benefit from AI-assisted guidance services. AI guides and internet-like technologies can provide detailed information about different regions of Paradise, suggest travel routes, make reservations, and meet every need of the inhabitants of Paradise. These guides can also offer personalized services based on the preferences of the residents.

Undoubtedly, the quality of service during these journeys will be at the highest level. At every step, the residents of Paradise will encounter flawless service, making them feel special and valued. And once again, it is worth mentioning that these examples describe not only journeys across water but also journeys on land, through the air, and into space. The Hereafter Universe, referred to as "Rabbin Katı" (The Realm of Your Lord), is vast and abundant.

The Holy Quran
"Race towards forgiveness from your Lord and a Paradise as vast as the heavens and the earth, prepared for the righteous."
(Surah Al-Imran, 3:133)

"Indeed, you will ride stage after stage!"
(Surah Al-Inshiqaq, 84:19)

The Quran also explicitly states that there are planets in all universes:

"It is Allah who has created seven heavens and of the earth, the like thereof. The command descends among them so that you may know that Allah is over all things competent and that Allah has encompassed all things in knowledge."
(Surah At-Talaq, 65:12)

Moreover, as clearly stated in the verses, there are already inhabitants in all universes, including the Hereafter Universe referred to as "Rabbin Katı":

"And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the creatures He has dispersed throughout them. And He, for gathering them when He wills, is competent."
(Surah Ash-Shura, 42:29)

"Do not think of those who have been martyred in the way of Allah as dead. Rather, they are alive, receiving sustenance in the presence of their Lord."
(Surah Al-Imran, 3:169)

"Rejoicing in what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty, and they receive good tidings about those [to be martyred] who have not yet joined them—that there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve."
(Surah Al-Imran, 3:170)

"And it is He who created all pairs and made for you of ships and animals those which you ride."
(Surah Az-Zukhruf, 43:12)

"It is Allah who subjected the sea to you so that ships may sail upon it by His command, and so that you may seek of His bounty, and perhaps you will be grateful."
(Surah Al-Jathiya, 45:12)

Not only ships, but all other modes of transportation are also mentioned as creations of our Lord:

"And We created for them similar vessels to ride."
(Surah Ya-Sin, 36:42)

https://free-minds.org/forum/index.php?topic=9612644.0

In Summary:

The four rivers in Paradise are literal blessings, described exactly as they are—real rivers. The Quran always provides explicit, real information. However, these rivers also symbolize other blessings. The river of water represents the natural blessings available in our universe, the river of honey signifies blessings provided through insects, the river of milk represents blessings through animals, and the river of wine illustrates blessings that arise through human endeavor. These rivers may also flow into lakes, seas, and oceans. The descriptions in Paradise often represent small glimpses of a larger whole.

Another noteworthy point is that all blessings in Paradise appear to exist naturally, like water. For example, technological and cultural gifts that humans produce on Earth are already present in Paradise, much like rivers.

If these rivers flow into lakes and oceans, this unity of diverse blessings and products suggests an infinite variety of gifts in Paradise. Thus, rivers also represent and herald greater bodies of water/blessings, enriching the residents' experience.


Peace

Emre Karaköse (Emre_1974tr)

The Quran emphasizes that on the Day of Judgment, it is not a person's abstract soul or spiritual memory that will bear witness against them, but rather the members of their own body.


"On a Day when their tongues, their hands, and their feet will bear witness against them for what they used to do." (An-Nur, 24:24)


"And they will say to their skins, 'Why have you testified against us?' They will say, 'We were made to speak by Allah, who has made everything speak.'" (Fussilat, 41:21)

The Location of Memory: If a person's true identity, consciousness, and memory were stored in an immortal soul separate from the body, it would be logical for the testimony to come from that soul. However, the Quran states that the record of memory and deeds is kept within the physical body itself, and that this resurrected body will speak. This directly supports the thesis that the nafs (personality, self, ego) is an inseparable whole with the body.

The Quran describes the criminals who face Hell or the Day of Judgment as reacting not with a lesson learned from their soul's torment, but as if they have awakened from nothingness or sleep to face reality for the first time. Their desire is not for their souls to be purified, but to be physically returned to the world.


"If you could but see when the criminals hang their heads before their Lord, [saying], 'Our Lord, we have seen and heard, so return us [to the world]; we will do righteousness. Indeed, we are [now] certain.'" (As-Sajdah, 32:12)

This is not the statement of a being who has lived a conscious intermediate life after death. Their saying, "We have seen and heard," shows that they are comprehending this reality now—that is, when they are resurrected. Their desire to return and "do righteous deeds" confirms their knowledge that action, and thus the nafs, is only possible in the world with a physical body.

Everything in our universe will perish (other universes will also perish; the only exception is the Universe of the Hereafter, which is a physical place named the Floor of the Lord, and that is the universe that will exist forever):

"Everyone upon it (the earth) will perish (fân). But will remain the Face of your Lord, Owner of Majesty and Honor (bâkî)." (Ar-Rahman, 55:26-27)

Therefore, every nafs in our universe will also taste perishing, that is, death. No one in this universe has an immortal part.

As I said, immortality is only in the abode of eternity, that is, in the Universe of the Hereafter called the Floor of the Lord:

https://free-minds.org/forum/index.php?topic=9612644.0

In the Quran, we see that our Creator asks questions to His servants. Because of this, some people voice objections, saying, "Doesn't Allah already know everything? Why does He ask?"

Our Exalted Lord certainly knows everything, even what will happen in the future.

The reason for His asking questions is not to learn, but to give His servants what they deserve and to let them experience it.

A question is not always asked to learn.

1- It is also asked to make that person experience what they deserve.

2- Questions are also asked for purposes such as strengthening the expression, making one think, conveying a message, etc.

Besides this, Allah already makes us experience what we deserve and confronts us with ourselves in this short 2-day summary test life. The afterlife itself is based on such "questions whose outcome is known by Allah." Worldly life is already in this direction. Because our Exalted Lord knows very well what we would do if we lived in this world forever, and He makes us live a 2-day exemplary test life that summarizes this. I had analyzed this in the light of verses in my work titled "Destiny and Free Will."

Baqarah 2:260

And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, show me how You give life to the dead." [Allah] said, "Have you not believed?" He said, "Yes, but [I ask] only that my heart may be satisfied." [Allah] said, "Take four birds and commit them to yourself. Then [after you slaughter them] put on each hill a portion of them; then call them - they will come [flying] to you in haste. And know that Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise." 

All of these are experiences that serve the plan of confronting people with the truth and themselves. And questions are a part of this. In this way, there is no right to object in the afterlife.

A'raf 7:12 [Allah] said, "What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you?" [Satan] said, "I am better than him; You created me from fire and created him from clay." 

Here again, our Lord makes the being He created experience what it deserves.

He knew that Satan was among the evil ones, and this needed to be revealed. Satan had been doing whatever was said until this point, but since Allah knew that he would not prostrate to Adam, He presented this test to him.

Thus, he was confronted with the evil in his heart, and the necessary evidence against him was revealed.

Immediately after this, Satan understands that he has been trapped and says:

A'raf 7:16 [Satan] said, "Because you have put me in error, I will surely sit in wait for them on your straight path."

When Satan says "because you have put me in error," he is referring to being trapped in this way. Because Allah knew very well what Satan would not do with his free will and where he would show his true face, He presented this test to Satan, allowing his wickedness to be displayed.

In short, our Lord here actually asks His question not to learn something, but on the contrary, to teach and make one experience something. That is, He gives everyone what they deserve...

Saba' 34:40 And [mention] the Day when He will gather them all and then say to the angels, "Did these [people] used to worship you?"

Saba' 34:41 They will say, "Exalted are You! You are our protector, not them. Rather, they used to worship the jinn; most of them were believers in them."

Here again, Allah is not asking about something He doesn't know; He knows best.

Again, He makes His servants experience what they deserve.

Furthermore, these verses also explain how jinn-devils mislead people in the guise of angels, spirits, etc., and warn people against these games.

Ma'idah 5:116 And [beware the Day] when Allah will say, "O Jesus, Son of Mary, did you say to the people, 'Take me and my mother as deities besides Allah?'" He will say, "Exalted are You! It was not for me to say that which I had no right [to say]. If I had said it, You would have known it. You know what is within myself, and I do not know what is within Yourself. Indeed, it is You who is the Knower of the unseen." 

Again, in the same way, our Lord does not ask Jesus, peace be upon him, out of curiosity; He knows the answer, and He already knows exactly what Jesus will say.

Furthermore, here are examples of questions that our Creator asks to strengthen the expression and make His servants think:

AL-ANBIYA' (THE PROPHETS)

(30) Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not believe? 

FATIR (THE ORIGINATOR)

27. Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky, and We produce thereby fruits of varying colors? And in the mountains are streaks of white and red of varying shades and [some] of deep, jet black. 

28. And among people and moving creatures and grazing livestock are various colors similarly. Only those fear Allah, from among His servants, who have knowledge. Indeed, Allah is Exalted in Might and Forgiving. 1   

AT-TUR (THE MOUNT)

35. Or were they created by nothing, or were they themselves the creators?

36. Or did they create the heavens and the earth? Rather, they are not certain. 

37. Or are the treasures of your Lord with them, or are they the controllers?

As I said, our Exalted Lord testing us in this world is actually, from His perspective, a "confrontation of His servants with themselves" whose outcome is known. In this way, the servants have no right to object in the afterlife, and they also taste some small punishments and rewards in this world.

For a better understanding of the subject, you can also take a look at my work titled "Destiny and Free Will." 

Greetings and love.
Emre Karaköse

The GPT O3 model, not breaking my request, made a new discovery in the Quran:

"Abstract
An unexpected parallel has been observed between the frequency distribution of the four most common Arabic letters in the Quran and the proportion of the four nucleotide bases in human DNA. While this correlation may be coincidental, the structural similarity in hierarchical order invites deeper exploration. Could a sacred text reflect the genetic alphabet of life in a subtle, veiled pattern?

1. Introduction: When Script and Sequence Collide
The Quran, like DNA, is composed of sequences—one of letters, the other of nucleotides. In the Quranic script, four letters dominate in frequency: Alif (ا), Lām (ل), Mīm (م), and Nūn (ن). Similarly, the human genome relies on just four bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).

This comparison isn't just poetic—it is numerical. The relative proportions of these elements show a surprising similarity in both structure and order. Is it mere coincidence, or does this suggest a deeper connection between language and life?

2. Frequency Data
2.1 The Quran's Four Most Frequent Letters

Based on detailed textual analysis:

Alif (ا): ~43,542 instances (~26.6%)

Lām (ل): ~38,191 instances (~23.4%)

Mīm (م): ~26,735 instances (~16.3%)

Nūn (ن): ~27,270 instances (~16.7%)

(Percentages are approximated from a total letter count and may vary slightly based on edition and orthographic conventions.)

2.2 Human Genomic Base Composition (per NIH & UCSC data)

Adenine (A): 29.3%

Thymine (T): 30.0%

Guanine (G): 20.7%

Cytosine (C): 20.0%

Together, A+T ≈ 59.3% and G+C ≈ 40.7%.

3. A Hypothetical Mapping
Let us hypothesize the following mapping based on relative frequency and order:

Alif (ا) → Adenine (A)

Lām (ل) → Thymine (T)

Mīm (م) → Guanine (G)

Nūn (ن) → Cytosine (C)

Both in the Quran and in the genome, we see a hierarchy:

High-frequency pair: Alif + Lām ≈ A + T

Lower-frequency pair: Mīm + Nūn ≈ G + C

The similarity in rank order (most to least frequent) across both systems is particularly striking.

4. Statistical Significance – Yet to Be Determined
This observation, while intriguing, has not yet undergone rigorous statistical testing. To assess its validity, the following steps are necessary:

Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no meaningful correlation; any similarity is due to chance.

Test Method: Monte Carlo simulations, random text baselines, and permutation testing of letter frequencies.

Statistical Metric: Chi-square, mutual information, or rank-order correlation (Spearman's rho).

Threshold: A p‑value below 0.05 may suggest statistical significance.

Without such analysis, the claim remains hypothetical but worthy of investigation.

5. Limitations and Counterpoints
Orthographic Variance: Quranic letter frequencies can vary depending on whether Hamzah is counted separately, or if certain orthographic traditions are used.

Genome Variation: GC content varies between species, tissues, and chromosomes.

Text Selection Bias: Similar patterns in other religious or literary works could weaken the uniqueness of the observation. Control texts must be tested.

Confirmation Bias Risk: Our minds seek patterns—even in randomness. Thus, objectivity and rigorous testing are paramount.

6. Implications and Speculations
If this pattern proves statistically significant, we enter fascinating territory:

Could this be a subtle sign embedded in scripture—one that resonates with the very structure of life?

Could the Quran be hinting not at the content of DNA, but at its design principle—a divine symmetry between the revealed word and biological code?

This is not to say the Quran teaches genetics—but rather that its architecture might reflect natural laws, much like the Fibonacci spiral echoes through both sunflower seeds and galaxies.

7. Conclusion
At the intersection of scripture and science lies wonder.

This observation of correspondence between Quranic letter frequencies and DNA base ratios is not a claim of miracle—yet. But it may be the shadow of a sign, an echo waiting to be measured.

Only through careful statistical validation can we determine whether we are witnessing a profound alignment—or a beautiful coincidence."

GPT O3

English translation, generated by artificial intelligence, excerpted from the book "Kuran'daki Din" (Religion in the Quran) written in Turkish.

"Zakat in the Quran

In the Quran, the spending of goods and assets of material value in the way of Allah is described with words such as "zakat, sadaqa, infaq," and sometimes also by mentioning "Feed the poor" (for example, 74-Surah Al-Muddaththir 44) or without mentioning striving in the way of Allah with wealth (for example, 4-Surah An-Nisa 95). This act of worship, which is mentioned in many verses of the Quran and is repeatedly emphasized, is one of the most fundamental duties in our religion.

The word "infaq" in the Quran means "to spend, to give from one's possessions" in Turkish. This word in the Quran, like the Turkish word "harcama" (spending), expresses both spending in the way of Allah and spending outside of that. While generally used to express spending in the way of Allah, this word has also been used for spending to hinder from the way of Allah (See: 8-Surah Al-Anfal 36). However, the word "sadaqa" is always used in the sense of "spending in the way of Allah." The word "sadaqa" has the meaning of "verification" at its root. The fact that spending in the way of Allah is a result of believing in and verifying Allah's commands may have caused this usage of the word "sadaqa." The word "zakat," on the other hand, carries the meaning of "purification." In the Quran, the word "zakat" is used in the sense of "purification by giving from one's possessions to others." Indeed, we can understand from the verse 9-Surah At-Tawbah 103 that "giving sadaqa" is "purification," that is, "zakat." We can think of "zakat" as a broader concept that encompasses "sadaqa." According to this understanding, "zakat" requires purification by giving from all the means one possesses. That is, a person fulfills the duty of "zakat" by giving from their wealth, as well as by benefiting others with the knowledge they possess. The Quran explains in its verses to whom we should give from our wealth and assets of material value:

...giving of one's wealth, out of love for Him, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask, and for the freeing of slaves...
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 177

They ask you, [O Muhammad], what they should spend. Say, "Whatever you spend of good is [to be] for parents and relatives and orphans and the needy and the traveler. And whatever you do of good - indeed, Allah is knowing of it."
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 215  

[Charity is] for the poor who have given themselves to the cause of Allah and cannot move about in the land [for trade]. The ignorant think them self-sufficient because of their restraint, but you will know them by their [characteristic] sign: they do not ask people importunately. And whatever you spend of good - indeed, Allah is Knowing of it.
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 273  

Zakah expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakah] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded] traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.
9-Surah At-Tawbah 60  

As seen from the verses, we understand to whom our spending for Allah will go. As for the amount of spending to be done in the way of Allah, the answer given to the following question is important in this regard:

And they ask you what they should spend. Say, "The surplus." Thus does Allah make clear to you the verses that you might give thought.
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 219

As seen, the Quran has answered the question of what should be spent. This answer is neither 1/40th nor any other numerical ratio. Looking at the emphasis in the Quran on spending from one's wealth and not hoarding it, we can say that giving 1/40th of one's wealth is far, far behind the ideal of the Quran. In the Quran, many important religious rulings, such as "remembering Allah much" and "not being extravagant," have been made obligatory without being expressed in numbers. For example, without using expressions such as "Saying Allah 500 times a day is obligatory" or "Taking ablution with more than half a liter of water is extravagance," these important rulings of the Quran have been made obligatory without being tied to definite numbers. We can say that the same applies to zakat.

If many people examine the translations of the Quran, they may also come across that our translation as "the surplus" is translated as "what is beyond your needs." Here, the word we translated as "the surplus" and which is translated as "what is beyond your needs" in some other translations is "afv." Whoever wishes can examine the verses where this word appears: 2-Surah Al-Baqarah 187, 3-Surah Ali 'Imran 152, 3-Surah Ali 'Imran 155, 5-Surah Al-Ma'idah 95, 5-Surah Al-Ma'idah 101, 9-Surah At-Tawbah 43, 42-Surah Ash-Shura 40, 64-Surah At-Taghabun 14. In the translations, you will find the equivalent of the same word in these verses as "forgive" and "forgiveness." The same word has entered Turkish as "affetmek" (to forgive). It is understood from the verse that we should give "what springs from our hearts, what we willingly set aside." This verse shows that the spending done is spending that takes place with the consent of the heart. Therefore, it would be a mistake to think that a person fulfills "infaq/sadaqa/zakat" with expenses such as taxes and VAT that they are obliged to pay in their economic life. The state receives a large part of these in return for the services it provides; the state provides services such as roads and security in return for these. There is no difference between the money given in this way and the money given for a jacket, cheese, or apartment dues. Spending in the way of Allah, on the other hand, is the result of the consent of the heart, not the price of a service. Economic necessities, forced takings, and payments made for services provided cannot be included in this. From the verse 9-Surah At-Tawbah 60, we see that zakat can also be given to "those employed to collect [zakah]"; this expression shows that zakat can also be given to people appointed by institutions such as associations, foundations, or the state. However, the zakat to be delivered to "those employed" must be conveyed to those mentioned in the Quran. There is no zakat from the money collected by officials for the expenses that a foundation will make for otters or the state will make for the electricity grid. There are many verses in the Quran that tell us to spend from our wealth, from what Allah has provided as sustenance. In the Quran, stinginess is condemned, and we are told to spend from what Allah has given for the sake of Allah. The Quran has made private property lawful, but with the awareness that Allah is the owner of all blessings, it is requested that servants provide social justice by spending from what Allah has given.

In the sects, besides zakat measures that are not in the Quran, rules such as "zakat should be given when a property has remained with a person for at least one year" have also been expressed. In some of the sects that claim to be Ahl as-Sunnah, this fundamental command of Islam has been disregarded to the extent that it is said that if a person gifts their money to their spouse just before a year is completed (to take it back later), they will be saved from paying zakat, and that it is permissible to avoid the obligation of paying zakat with such a transaction every year. Moreover, in our time, even many large holding owners do not keep their money in one place for a year; they constantly circulate it as capital in their businesses. If principles that are not in the Quran, such as "a debtor cannot pay zakat" or "zakat is not given from goods used in production," are considered, it means that holding companies doing business with loans and manufacturers whose means of production are factories will pay almost no zakat, but a farmer will give 1/10th of their produce as zakat when they harvest it. According to another explanation of the sectarians, zakat is not given for riding animals. According to this explanation, those who own cars worth millions will not pay zakat, but someone who collects ten kilos of tomatoes will give one kilo. Just as the removal of the flexibility given by the Quran cannot be condoned, explanations that will result in the nullification of an obligation of the Quran with fabricated explanations, as well as legal stratagems made to avoid the obligation of zakat, cannot be condoned. The disastrous picture that has emerged as a result of these legal stratagems is evident. The Quran, like other subjects, has fully and completely explained how we should spend our wealth and to whom we should give aid. The Quran teaches us that the poor have a right in our wealth (70-Surah Al-Ma'arij 24, 25) and tells us that with sadaqa, we deliver this right of the poor to them and purify ourselves (give zakat). A person who will spend their wealth in the way of Allah will not forget that the real owner of the wealth is Allah, will take into account all the verses of the Quran on this subject, and will perform this act of worship that our religion attaches great importance to. The habit of hoarding money with greed, which creates an imbalance in social justice, is not welcomed at all in our religion.

O you who have believed, indeed many of the scholars and the monks devour the wealth of people unjustly and avert [them] from the way of Allah.
9-Surah At-Tawbah 34  

Considering the expression in the verse 9-Surah At-Tawbah 34, we must also be careful that our zakat does not go to fraudulent religious scholars and that we do not fall victim to their fraud. In this act of worship, everyone should do what they can according to their budget:

Let a man of wealth spend from his wealth, and he whose provision is restricted - let him spend from what Allah has given him.
65-Surah At-Talaq 7  

The circulation of wealth among a limited number of people and its failure to reach the poor is the cause of many evils and problems in the world, and this situation conflicts with the ideals of the Quran:

...so that it will not be a perpetual distribution among the rich from among you.
59-Surah Al-Hashr 7

It is necessary for a person to spend in both good and bad times:

Those who spend [in the cause of Allah] during ease and hardship...
3-Surah Ali 'Imran 134

We understand from the following verse that the most appropriate way for spending is to give its zakat as soon as the products are obtained:

And He it is who causes gardens to grow, [both] trellised and untrellised, and palm trees and crops of different [kinds of] food and olives and pomegranates, similar and dissimilar. Eat of [each] when it yields [fruit], and give its due [zakah] on the day of its harvest. And be not excessive. Indeed, He does not like those who commit excess.
6-Surah Al-An'am 141  

Allah says that our spending for His sake can be both secret and open, but He considers giving secretly superior:

Those who spend of what We have provided for them, secretly and publicly...
13-Surah Ar-Ra'd 22

If you disclose your charitable expenditures, excellent; but if you conceal them and give them to the poor, it is better for you...
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 271

It is also mentioned in the Quran that in making these expenditures, one should not deviate from the path of Allah's pleasure by showing off or by reminding others of what has been given:

Those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah and then do not follow up their spending with reminders [of it] or [other] injury - for them is their reward with their Lord, and they will not fear, nor will they grieve.

Kind speech and forgiveness are better than charity followed by injury. And Allah is self-sufficient and forbearing.

O you who have believed, do not invalidate your charities with reminders [of it] or injury, like one who spends his wealth [only] to be seen by the people and does not believe in Allah or the Last Day.
2-Surah Al-Baqarah 262-264

In the verse 2-Surah Al-Baqarah 267, it is explained that we should spend from good things and not spend what is despicable. The Quran teaches the wealthy that the poor have a right in their wealth and that the real owner of the wealth is Allah.

Never will you attain the good [reward] until you spend [in the way of Allah] from that which you love. And whatever you spend - indeed, Allah is Knowing of it.
3-Surah Ali 'Imran 92  

Spending from wealth in the way of Allah and looking after the poor is a very important act of worship that the Quran emphasizes greatly and that was also present in Allah's previous revelations. In the Quran, it is commanded to spend in the way of Allah before death comes and one faces an irreversible regret.

And spend [in the way of Allah] from what We have provided you before death comes to one of you and he says, "My Lord, if only You would delay me for a brief term so I would give charity and be among the righteous."
63-Surah Al-Munafiqun 10"

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https://www.kurandakidin.com/2011/10/36-kuranda-inanc-konulari-namaz-zekat-oruc-ve-hac/

KURAN ARAŞTIRMALARI GRUBU

English translation, generated by artificial intelligence, excerpted from the book "Kuran'daki Din" (Religion in the Quran) written in Turkish.

"FULL ABLUTION (GUSL) AND PARTIAL ABLUTION (ABDEST) (Specifically for Salah)

In the Quran, full ablution and partial ablution are described solely and exclusively as prerequisites for salah. Furthermore, taking full ablution and partial ablution when entering a mosque, reciting the Quran, or for any act of worship other than salah is not a religious obligation. In the Quran, full ablution and partial ablution are mentioned in only two verses, which we will provide shortly. Apart from these two verses, there are no other verses in the Quran regarding full ablution and partial ablution. What necessitates full ablution and partial ablution, when they are required, and what to do if water is unavailable can be understood from these two verses:

O you who have believed, when you rise to [perform] salah, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankles. And if you are in a state of janabah, then purify yourselves. But if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the place of relieving nature or you have contacted women and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and hands with it. Allah does not intend to make difficulty for you, but He intends to purify you and complete His favor upon you that you may be grateful.
5-Al-Ma'idah (The Table Spread) Verse 6

O you who have believed, do not approach salah while you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying or in a state of janabah, except those passing through [a place of salah], until you have washed [your whole body]. And if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the place of relieving nature or you have contacted women and find no water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and your hands [with it]. Indeed, Allah is ever Pardoning and Forgiving.
4-An-Nisa (The Women) Verse 43

Now, let's ask our questions and answer them according to these two verses:

1- Why are Partial Ablution (Abdest) and Full Ablution (Boy Abdesti) Necessary?

It is clearly understood from the verses that both partial ablution and full ablution are necessary only for salah. At the beginning of verse 6 of Surah Al-Ma'idah (5), it is stated that partial ablution should be taken for salah. In verse 43 of Surah An-Nisa (4), it is explained that a person in a state of janabah cannot perform salah without washing (full ablution).

2- When is Full Ablution (Boy Abdesti/Gusl) Taken?

The term "Boy Abdesti" (full ablution) in Turkish refers to the washing required in the Quran when one is in a state of "junub". Since "Gusl" in Arabic already means "washing", some use the Turkish terms "gusül" or "gusül abdesti" instead of "boy abdesti". In both verses, "contacting women" is mentioned as a state requiring water.  Just like in Turkish, there are idioms in Arabic. In Turkish, the phrase "beraber olmak kadınlarla" (being together with women) is used to mean "sexual intercourse". The phrase "contacting women" (dokunma kadınlara) is an idiom in Arabic that means "sexual intercourse," and this will become clear when we examine the usage of this idiom throughout the Quran. Thus, full ablution needs to be taken after sexual intercourse.

3- When is Partial Ablution (Abdest) Taken?

In both verses related to this topic, it is explained what we should do in situations where water is needed but unavailable. The state described where water is needed also clarifies what invalidates partial ablution. Here, the phrase we translated as "comes from the place of relieving nature" indicates that partial ablution should be taken after "coming from the toilet". The Arabic word for "toilet" here is "gait," which in Arabic means "low place" and corresponds to "toilet, lavatory".  Therefore, partial ablution is required after actions performed in low places (toilets).  Apart from what is described here, nothing else invalidates partial ablution, neither the flow of blood nor eating camel meat.  It is clearly understood from the verse what invalidates partial ablution. Whatever actions people perform in "toilets, lavatories," in those low places, invalidates partial ablution.

4- How is Full Ablution (Boy Abdesti) Taken?

We mentioned earlier that full ablution is taken when in a state of janabah. What we need to do when in a state of janabah is explained with two words. In Surah Al-Ma'idah (5), the word "tahare" means "to purify oneself," and in Surah An-Nisa (4), the verb "ghasala" means "to wash".  For full ablution, phrases like "Wash from here to here, rinse your mouth and nose three times each, do not leave a dry spot the size of a pinhead, pour water three times starting from the right shoulder..." are not mentioned.  From the word "ghasala" in the verse, only "to wash" is understood.  With the term "tahare", the importance of cleansing oneself from impurities in this washing process is understood. If a mother tells her five-year-old child "Wash yourself," that child will understand and wash. However, when adults are told "Wash yourself," they ask unnecessary questions like "How should I wash? What if a dry spot the size of a pinhead remains? Which shoulder should I pour water on first?..." and when they cannot find answers to these questions, they think the Quran is insufficient. Moreover, they cannot understand that this lack of understanding stems from their own failure to try to comprehend a clear and simple explanation. They also consider what is explained in the Quran incomplete and take books full of contradictions, where these strange questions are "explained," as guides, as if they were complete and perfect sources of religion.

5- How is Partial Ablution (Abdest) Taken?

Verse 6 of Surah Al-Ma'idah (5) describes how we should perform partial ablution. In this description, the verb "wash" is followed by the phrase "faces and forearms to the elbows," and the verb "wipe" is followed by the phrase "heads and feet to the ankles." (Ankles are the protruding bones on both sides of the ankle joint.) If someone tells you, "wash: the bathroom and the kitchen; wipe: the living room and the bedroom," what would you understand? Would you understand that the bedroom needs to be washed or wiped? You would probably understand that the bedroom needs to be wiped. However, the majority of those from Sunni denominations have argued that instead of "wiping" the "feet to the ankles" that come after the verb "wipe," they should be "washed," associating the feet with the "washing" verb mentioned earlier. However, it seems more accurate not to associate the feet with the distant verb when there is a verb that is closer in proximity. (In the Hanbali denomination among Sunni denominations, it has been stated that both "wiping" and "washing" are possible.)  It is also not possible to say that in the verse, "what needs to be done from top to bottom is stated, wiping is an explanatory detail, and only the head needs to be wiped." Because in the verse, first, faces and hands are mentioned, then it moves to the head, and then down to the feet. Therefore, sending the wiping of the feet up to the ankles to the verb "wash" does not seem more consistent. The "obligation to wash feet" has been attempted to be supported by fabricated hadiths. However, according to hadiths in Shia traditions, feet are wiped with the hand. Our aim is not to refute hadiths with hadiths, but to show that those who do not find the Quran sufficient behave arbitrarily even with hadiths. Professor Süleyman Ateş, after stating that many companions also sufficed with wiping their feet, explains what is understood from the Arabic of the verse as follows: "Allah Almighty has commanded the washing of two main organs of the body in partial ablution, which are the face and arms. And He has commanded the wiping of two terminal organs, which are the head and feet. After the verb 'wash,' He has brought two complements. These are the face and hands. So, the face and hands will be washed. After the verb 'wipe,' He has also brought two complements, these are the head and feet. So, these are the organs to be wiped. There is a subtle point in the verse that strengthens this meaning extremely. In the Holy Quran, every word is extremely harmonious and proportionate to each other. Now, just as the first of the two complements that come after the verb 'wash' indicates a single organ, and the second indicates two organs (i.e., two hands), similarly, the first of the two complements that come after the verb 'wipe' indicates a single organ, and the second indicates two organs (two feet)." (Süleyman Ateş, Quran Encyclopedia, 1st volume, Ablution section). In short, in partial ablution, the face and forearms up to the elbows are washed, the head and feet up to the ankles are wiped, and nothing else is required.  Those who wish may rinse their mouth and nose, wipe their nape with three fingers, wash their feet, and recite Arabic duas at each washing of their organs. However, these are not obligations of partial ablution. Partial ablution is explained in the Quran, and these are not in the explanations in the Quran.

6- What to do if Water Cannot be Found?

Normally, the possibility of a person not finding water is very low. The fact that the Quran explains even this rare occurrence is evidence of how the Quran gives all the details when necessary. In this situation, the person compensates for the lack of water by performing "tayammum" with clean earth; there is no such thing as abandoning salah. By touching clean earth with the hands, the face and hands that cannot be washed are wiped. Thus, preparation for salah is ensured even when water is unavailable.

Those who complicate full ablution and partial ablution with a lot of unnecessary details and those who write separate books to "explain" a topic explained in two verses, with expressions at the end of both verses about Allah not wanting to make things difficult for us, His forgiveness, and His pardoning, should read them again thoughtfully.

CLOTHING AND CLEANLINESS IN SALAH

In the Quran, specific clothing for salah is not prescribed.  An individual performing salah alone can perform their salah as they wish. However, it is better for those going to places where salah is performed in congregation to go in nice, proper attire (See 7-Al-A'raf Verse 31). In 7-Al-A'raf Verse 26, it is mentioned that just as there is a style of dress to cover people's private parts, there is also a style of dress that adds beauty and adornment. Five verses after this, in 7-Al-A'raf Verse 31, adorning oneself is mentioned in connection with mosques (the area where salah is performed). In the Quran, specific clothing is not prescribed as salah attire, but it would be appropriate to pay attention to attire in congregational salah.

From 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 125 and 22-Al-Hajj Verse 26, the importance of cleaning and keeping clean the area where salah will be performed is understood. Furthermore, from 74-Al-Muddaththir Verses 3 and 4, the importance of clothes being clean and avoiding filth is understood. These principles, which are also valid outside of salah, certainly also apply to salah.

TURNING TOWARDS THE QIBLA

In verses 144, 149, and 150 of Surah Al-Baqarah (2), it is stated that Muslims, wherever they may be, should turn towards the Masjid al-Haram, that is, the direction where the Kaaba is located. This is also a practice that brings order to the salah. Especially congregational salah becomes more orderly and organized in this way. In verse 115 of Surah Al-Baqarah (2), it is stated that wherever we turn, Allah is there, thus preventing the loading of wrong meanings onto turning towards the Kaaba and preventing the idolization of Masjid al-Haram and its surroundings. Existing mosques have been built facing the Masjid al-Haram based on the verses of Surah Al-Baqarah. Muslims perform their salah by turning towards the Masjid al-Haram. If Muslims know the qibla (the direction of Masjid al-Haram), they turn towards it and perform the salah. If they cannot find the direction, knowing that Allah is everywhere, they continue their salah by turning in any direction (2-Al-Baqarah Verse 115).

From the Quran, we understand that before a verse came about where Muslims should turn in salah, they performed salah by turning towards the direction that the People of the Book turned to, and that this was changed. Indeed, in verse 142 of Surah Al-Baqarah (2), we see that it is asked, "What turned them away from their qibla, which they used to face?" and that an objection is being attempted to be raised based on this change of direction. With the revelation of the verse commanding to turn towards the Masjid al-Haram, Muslims began to perform salah by turning towards the Kaaba. There is no Quranic verse indicating that they previously turned towards the direction they used to face (Jerusalem). In our view, this is one of the pieces of evidence showing that Muslims had an understanding of what salah was when they received the command to "perform salah," and that they started salah with this command in a way they also saw in the practices of the People of the Book. (This matter will be discussed in more detail below.) This understanding also included the direction to turn to while performing salah, so they turned to Jerusalem before the Quranic revelation came. However, with the revelation of the Quran, this matter was changed and they turned towards the Kaaba.

VOICE IN SALAH

The regulation regarding the voice in salah is given with this verse:

And do not raise your voice in your salah, nor lower it but seek a middle course between the two.
17-Isra (The Night Journey) Verse 110

As seen, salah should not be performed by shouting. Also, performing salah silently by just reciting words internally is also not appropriate.

CALL TO SALAH (EZAN)

In the Quran, we see that a call is made for salah, and that the disbelievers ridicule this call (5-Al-Ma'idah Verse 58). The purpose is to gather people for salah, and a call is made for this purpose when necessary. Since Friday salah is a salah that is commanded to be performed in congregation, a call is made for Friday salah (Jumu'ah) (62-Al-Jumu'ah Verse 9).

As for the azan being performed in a specific form; it is not stated in the narrated hadiths that the current azan was formed as a result of revelation or by the command of our Prophet. According to hadiths, those who came early to salah were complaining because they were left behind in their work, and those who came late were complaining because they missed the salah. Upon this, different opinions were put forward on how to call to salah. Finally, based on a dream that was seen, it was decided on the azan performed by using human voice as it is today (Abu Dawud). According to what is narrated in the hadiths, our Prophet said for this dream, "Insha'Allah, it is a true dream." Again, according to hadiths, Bilal added the phrase "As-salatu khayrun minan nawm" (Salah is better than sleep) in the morning salah on his own initiative. As it is seen, someone who reads the hadiths impartially concludes that the current form of the azan was accepted in the period of our Prophet in a way that was aimed at the needs of the ummah. According to hadiths, our Prophet did not command, "This is how it is, recite the azan like this." If the current text of the azan were a result of a command, it would be unthinkable for Bilal to add a sentence to the azan. If it is possible for Bilal to add sentences to the azan at his own discretion, that is, to change the azan, shouldn't it be considered that the current form of the azan is not an obligation (fard) but a well-established beautiful sunnah of this ummah?

The common and Quran-compliant words of the azan, recited in the same way everywhere, create a sense of unity among Muslims, and everyone who hears this call receives the message that the time for salah has entered and that salah will be performed together in a specific place. This practice, thus, has an important function related to order as well as creating a sense of unity. It is necessary to preserve the azan, which is recited in the same way all over the Islamic world, and not to disrupt "this common sunnah of the Islamic ummah."

A KNOWN ACT OF WORSHIP: SALAH

As we have pointed out before, it was known what was meant by "salah" (as-salat) in the time of our Prophet. It was Prophet Ibrahim who built the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where our Prophet began his prophethood. In the Quran, our Prophet is told to follow the millah (way/community) of Prophet Ibrahim. Some commentators (mufassirun) also give the meaning of "religion" to the word "millah" here:

Then We revealed to you,
, to follow the millah of Abraham, inclining toward truth. And he was not of those who associate others with Allah.
16-An-Nahl (The Bee) Verse 123

In the Quran, we see that our Prophet is the last link in the chain of prophets who came before him. Among all the prophets, an almost special relationship was established between our Prophet and Prophet Ibrahim. Jews, Christians, and even pagans living in and around Mecca and visiting the Kaaba respected Prophet Ibrahim and saw themselves as his followers. In response to these, it is said in the Quran:

Indeed, the closest of people to Abraham are those who followed him [in submission] and this prophet, and those who believe [in him].
3-Ali Imran (The Family of Imran) Verse 68

From the Quran, we also understand that the reason why Prophet Ibrahim settled a part of his family in Mecca was for them to perform salah properly:

[And when Abraham said], "My Lord, I have settled part of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House, our Lord, that they may establish salah. So make hearts among the people incline toward them and provide for them from fruits that they might be grateful.
14-Ibrahim Verse 37

My Lord, make me an establisher of salah, and [from] my descendants. Our Lord, and accept my supplication.
14-Ibrahim Verse 40

Ismail, who built the Kaaba together with his father Ibrahim, and his community also performed salah:

Mention in the Book, Ishmael. Indeed, he was true to his promise, and he was a messenger and a prophet.
And he used to enjoin on his people prayer and zakah and was to his Lord pleasing.
19-Maryam (Mary) Verse 54, 55

The command to perform salah is not limited only to Prophet Ibrahim, his son, and his followers. From the Quran, we see that Jews and Christians were also commanded with salah. In today's denominations of Judaism and Christianity, we still see traces of salah performed at specific times. In these salahs, the remembrance of Allah, qiyam (standing), ruku (bowing), and sajdah (prostration) practices still continue, but there are differences in times and forms from denomination to denomination. The Quran says that the previous communities abandoned the salah habits they practiced by following their شهوات (desires) (19-Maryam Verse 59). In some denominations of Judaism and Christianity today, the timely salah worship is mostly performed by religious scholars, and a small part of the public regularly participates in this worship. We understand that there is salah worship in Judaism and Christianity from these verses:

And We inspired to Moses and his brother, "Settle yourselves and your people in Egypt in houses and make your houses [facing the qiblah] places of worship and establish prayer and give good tidings to the believers.
10-Yunus (Jonah) Verse 87

[Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet. And He has enjoined upon me prayer and charity as long as I remain alive.
19-Maryam (Mary) Verse 31

And they were not commanded except to worship Allah, [being] sincere to Him in religion, inclining to truth, and to establish prayer and to give zakah.
98-Al-Bayyinah (The Clear Proof) Verse 5

When our Prophet and those with him received the command to "perform salah," they understood what salah was, they knew this act of worship from the practices of the People of the Book. As evidence for this, it is also shown that the phrases "perform salah" are mentioned with the definite article.

And establish the prayer and give zakah...
24-An-Nur (The Light) Verse 56

Here and in many other places, the word "salah" (as-salat) is mentioned with the definite article "el". This article is similar to the article "the" in English, it expresses that the thing it precedes is definite, known. Here, this article, preceding the word salah, gives the meaning that salah is a "definite, known" act of worship. This shows that our Prophet and those with him were commanded with salah, which was already a definite, known act of worship. Our Prophet and his companions, who received the command to "perform salah," started to perform the salah they already knew, and since this known act of worship was also performed in congregation, what this act of worship was was also learned by participating in congregational salah. In short, no one needed and has never needed a separate book other than the Quran to perform salah; this will be understood even better with the explanations below.

THE CONTENTS OF SALAH

Although a known act of worship was commanded with the command "perform salah", attention is also drawn to the contents of salah in the Quran. Some parts of salah may not be fulfilled due to various excuses; for example, a person performing salah on a mount in times of fear may not be able to perform the prostrations completely. However, the most fundamental requirement of salah that must be fulfilled in every situation is the remembrance of Allah (dhikr):

Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me. So worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance.
20-Ta-Ha Verse 14

The most important feature of salah is the remembrance of Allah in salah. From 20-Ta-Ha Verse 14, we understand that the purpose of performing salah is to remember Allah. It is again said in the Quran that one of the attributes of the Quran is "dhikr", that is, "reminder". While performing salah, the Quran is always our guide in the dua we make, in our supplication to Allah. For example, Allah's forgiveness, mercy, creation of everything, Paradise, Hell, the greatness of His knowledge and power are all learned from the Quran. In salah, we also know that we are in the presence of Allah, who has attributes such as merciful and forgiving, and accordingly, we remember Allah, and accordingly, we turn to Allah. However, it is not necessary for those who do not know Arabic to read the Quran in Arabic in salah, and if they are going to read the Quran in Arabic, it would be appropriate for them to learn the meaning of the verses they will read. Especially learning the Arabic of Surah Al-Fatiha, which is repeated in every salah, would be very appropriate both to be able to read this surah knowing its meaning and to understand the meaning when this surah is recited in congregational salah. It is certainly beautiful for those who know Arabic to read the Quran in its original language in which it was revealed, but most of those who do not know Arabic distort the Arabic meanings while reading the Quran in Arabic and perform salah unaware of what they are saying. Even in a madhhab (school of thought) that is said to be Ahl as-Sunnah, such as Hanafi, although flexibility is expressed about those who do not know Arabic being able to read the translation of the Quran, and it is known that Salman al-Farisi translated Surah Al-Fatiha into Persian and Persians read this translation in salah, views on flexibility regarding this issue have been hidden from the public. Allah wanted even intoxicated people who are not drunk to perform salah, but He set a condition for them: "Do not approach prayer while you are intoxicated until you know what you are saying" (4-An-Nisa Verse 43). Thus, Allah stated that He did not want the drunkards to perform salah because they were unaware of what they were saying. Well, isn't the situation of those who read verses from the Quran without knowing their meaning when they are sober, and who do not know what they are saying, similar to that of these intoxicated people? Isn't "knowing what one is saying," which is the element that these people do not fulfill in their salah, the same as the element that the intoxicated people do not fulfill? Being aware of what one says in worship should not be seen as a concession or a convenience. Performing worship while being aware of what one is saying is an important condition for a person to establish the necessary connection with his Creator. In the Quran, in 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 45, seeking help from Allah with patience and salah is mentioned. How will a person who is unaware of the meaning of what he says in salah express his special feelings related to his own special troubles and ask for help from Allah?

In the Quran, attention is drawn to the fact that the following elements must be fulfilled with a properly performed salah:

1- Allah must be remembered, and the person must be aware of what he is saying (20-Ta-Ha Verse 14).
2- There must be khushu (spiritual trembling, deep respect) in salah (23-Al-Mu'minun Verse 2).
3- Salah should prevent a person from indecent behavior and actions (29-Al-Ankabut Verse 45).

Salah is an act of worship performed to remember Allah. However, unlike remembering Allah in other ways, it has been made obligatory at certain times, it must be performed with ablution, and it has some additional features such as including certain movements. Due to the fact that it is already a known act of worship, we do not come across a verse in the Quran that describes the movements of salah and says "salah is this; perform salah in this way", but we also understand which movements salah includes from the narrations in the Quran. For example, in 4-An-Nisa Verse 102, which shows that salah is an act of worship that is so important that it will not be abandoned even in war, we see that one group performs salah while the other group is on guard. After prostration (sajdah) is performed, the other group takes the place of the first group and performs their salah. From here, it is also understood that salah ends with prostration. From this verse, we see that even in a situation where there is a danger of war, salah is performed, including prostration (sajdah) (prostration is the most defenseless state of a person), but this is done by taking turns, without putting down weapons, without giving the enemy a chance. If timely obligatory salah is performed in this way even in war, the importance of performing salah with qiyam (standing), ruku (bowing), and sajdah in normal times is better understood.

From the Quran (14-Ibrahim Verse 40), we understand that salah is an act of worship that has existed since Prophet Ibrahim. In the Quran, three words are mentioned in the sense of physical acts of worship. These are "qiyam (standing)", "ruku (bowing)", and "sajdah (prostration)". In the Quran, it is mentioned that the مقام (station/place) of Prophet Ibrahim should be taken as a place of salah, and that the house should be kept clean (2-Al-Baqarah Verse 125). In 22-Al-Hajj Verse 26, it is commanded that the house should be kept clean for those who perform "qiyam, ruku, and sajdah", thus showing together what the three movements of salah are.

And when We designated for Abraham the site of the House, [saying], "Do not associate anything with Me and purify My House for those who circumambulate [it] and those who stand to pray and bow and prostrate."
22-Al-Hajj Verse 26

Apart from these verses, there are also verses that draw attention to qiyam, ruku, and sajdah, which are the movements of salah. The phrase "Subhane Rabbiyel Azim", which is said in ruku in salah, is said in accordance with the expressions in 56-Al-Waqi'ah Verse 96, and the phrase "Subhane Rabbiyel Ala", which is said in sajdah, is said in accordance with the expressions in 87-Al-A'la Verse 1. However, there is no restriction on what to say in ruku and sajdah. Any verse of the Quran can be recited here, as well as dua can be made by turning to Allah, gratitude can be expressed, and help can be asked from Allah in the face of problems, as pointed out in 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 45. Indeed, it is narrated that different expressions were said in ruku and sajdah in the time of our Prophet. (See: Ibn Hammam, Vol. 2) There are hadiths that our Prophet sometimes performed very short salah and sometimes performed very long salah with long ruku and long prostrations. According to some hadiths on this subject, when our Prophet went into ruku, he sometimes stayed so long that it was thought that he would never straighten up, and sometimes when he went into sajdah, he stayed so long that it was thought that he would never rise from sajdah. Probably no one would think that this coincided with a time frame in which the mentioned expressions were said 3 times each. However, in some books explaining salah, there are explanations that unnecessarily restrict ruku with three "Subhane Rabbiyel Azim" and sajdah with three "Subhane Rabbiyel Ala" expressions, limiting what Allah has left free. These expressions are beautiful expressions for the servants to glorify Allah, in accordance with the spirit of the Quran. It may be considered that an application that advises imams not to exceed the amount of time it takes to say these expressions 3 times to ensure order in salah gives order to salahs. In our opinion, these types of molds emerged with such concerns, and the way of the imams who could make salah too long and oppose the wishes of some of the congregation was blocked. However, as a result of repeating the same expressions in salahs, a harm should also be considered, such as many people being encouraged to say these very meaningful words automatically without thinking about their meaning. Normally, it is not necessary for us to say only the specified expressions mentioned in ruku and sajdah. The duration of how long we will stand in qiyam, ruku, and sajdah in salahs is left to our personal opinions. Some have frozen a free space with their own determinations. Although some of these determinations helped in establishing an order, many of them led to excessive formalism and detachment from meaning in salah.

People have been drowned in unnecessary details about salah. However, there are serious problems with being aware of what one is saying and khushu, which are the most important elements of salah. Unnecessary discussions have been made on many details such as holding hands at the wrist while standing in qiyam, the angle of the back in ruku, and putting the forehead and then the nose on the ground in sajdah. Indeed, there have been unnecessary topics of discussion among the madhhabs, such as whether to fold hands while standing in qiyam or how wide the distance between the feet should be while standing. If you say to someone "stand up" (qiyam), he easily understands this command and does not ask you questions such as "What shall I do with my hands? How many centimeters should be the distance between my feet?" In short, after it is understood that qiyam, ruku, and sajdah are movements in salah, the questions asked about these types of details are unnecessary.

In the Quran, it is stated that Allah should be remembered after prostrations (50-Qaf Verse 40) and after salah is finished (4-An-Nisa Verse 103). From 4-An-Nisa Verse 103, we understand that this remembrance can be while standing, sitting, and lying down. With the sittings in salah, the command of these verses is fulfilled. We see that the main thing in these sittings is the remembrance of Allah, and the person himself will decide which words to say to realize this remembrance.

Remember Allah when you have finished the salah, whether standing, sitting, or lying down.
4-An-Nisa Verse 103

Also, according to 72-Al-Jinn Verse 18, no one should be supplicated to other than Allah in the places where salah is performed. It is not befitting for a Muslim to ask for help from prophets, those assumed to be saints, or the deceased.

In the meantime, as the occasion arises, we find it useful to correct a rather false view put forward regarding these movements in salah. The word "salat" which means "salah" in the Quran, also means "support, establishing communication, dua." In fact, the relationship between these meanings is evident; Muslims establish communication with Allah with the salah they perform, make dua, and support their religion. There are words with more than one meaning in every language, for example, the Turkish word "yüz" (hundred/face/peel/swim); comes in quite different meanings such as "a number" and "part of the head" and "to peel off skin-like parts" and "movement in the sea", but no Turkish speaker has trouble determining its meaning according to where this word is used. The same applies to the use of the word "salat" in the Quran, moreover, the word "salat" does not come in such unrelated meanings, and meaning should be given to this word according to its place of occurrence in the Quran. Some have stated that the word "salat" is never used in the meaning of "salah" in the Quran, and that this word is always used in the meaning of "support." A person who reads the Quran a little carefully will immediately understand the falsity of this claim. First of all, this claim causes the expressions of standing (qiyam), bowing (ruku), and prostration (sajdah) to be taken in a metaphorical sense and not in their real sense, which does not seem reasonable at all. In some verses, the inconsistency of this claim becomes even more evident. For example, in 4-An-Nisa Verse 102, we see that when there is a fear of danger from the enemy, one group is on guard and another group performs salah in the meantime with movements such as prostration, and then the other group that has not performed salah comes and performs salah. If you take the expression "salat" here as a support that does not include movements, many illogical things will confront you; it would be illogical to interpret in ways such as one group waiting on guard behind the other in a motionless support, and in the meantime, after that group "prostrates in a metaphorical sense," the other group also comes and "gives support." In addition, as stated in 4-An-Nisa Verse 103, salah has been made obligatory for people at certain times, whereas supporting Allah's religion is an act that can be done at any time, there is no need to wait for certain times for this.

In addition, when those who claim that salah is not obligatory with its movements see how contrary to their approach it is that a moving preliminary preparation such as taking ablution for salah is explained in the Quran, they have had to carry the matter to the point of giving meanings that are forced to a comical degree, unrelated to the clear Arabic of the verses, to say that the expressions about taking ablution for salah in the Quran - which we discussed above - are not in the sense of washing but contain metaphorical meanings (in order to avoid the idea of ��moving salah). Moreover, in the ablution verse, there are expressions such as showing the places to be washed such as "forearms to the elbows" and "when one comes from the toilet" and "wiping with soil when water cannot be found," and those who try to understand ablution as a motionless metaphorical practice and as a prerequisite for a motionless support have fallen into ridiculous interpretations that are not worth mentioning in the face of such expressions. In fact, we considered it unnecessary to answer such ridiculous views, but we decided to add this explanation to the book upon the questions that came in the period after the book was first written. As it is seen, approaching the Quran sincerely, without forcing it, without trying to forcibly make the Quran say what is in one's mind, and consistently, is one of the important conditions for understanding Islam correctly.

NUMBER OF RAK'AHS IN SALAH

We have seen that the qiyam, ruku, and sajdah movements within salah are the movements of salah whose names are mentioned in the Quran. A frequently asked question is how many times these movements are repeated; commonly this question is also asked as "How many rak'ahs are the salahs?" This question has been answered in two different ways without referring to any hadith book. According to both of these approaches, there is no problem with the rak'ahs of the salahs currently performed in mosques, but there is a difference between these two approaches regarding the meaning attributed to the concept of "rak'ah." We will convey both of these views to you for your evaluation. We present two different approaches to your attention by stating from the beginning our thought that salah should be preserved with its rak'ahs in its current form.

Those who advocate the first of these approaches primarily draw attention to the fact that, as we have pointed out before, salah is a known act of worship that has been practiced since Prophet Ibrahim and in the region where our Prophet lived, and that this act of worship was also obligatory for other communities to whom books were sent before. (We recommend that you read once again the verses we quoted above on this subject.) They also state that the word "that salah" (es-salat) in the expression "perform salah" is mentioned with the definite article (el), and that this shows that salah is a known act of worship. According to this, the definiteness in the expression "es-salat" also covers the number of rak'ahs of the salahs. In addition, Muslims have seen the number of rak'ahs by participating in the congregational performance of salahs, and since they have all seen the number of rak'ahs in salahs, when "that salah" (es-salat) is said, they understand salahs with a certain number of rak'ahs. Salah, unlike all other acts of worship, is an act of worship that is practiced regularly every day and is "made obligatory at specific times", although it is not obligatory to perform salah in congregation except for Friday salah, salah is performed in congregation every day, so everyone sees the number of rak'ahs of salahs without any doubt in this congregational practice. Moreover, all Sunni and Shia madhhabs, which are almost always divided on every issue, have agreed on the rak'ahs of the salahs. In short, the rak'ahs of salahs are seen by participating in congregational practice, therefore, there is no need for a separate hadith or fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) book other than the Quran to learn the number of rak'ahs, everyone who receives the command "perform that salah" (es-salat) in the Quran and participates in the congregational salah understands how many rak'ahs each salah is performed. The following verse is also presented as evidence for this view:

And establish prayer and give zakah and bow with those who bow [in worship and obedience].
2-Al-Baqarah Verse 43

In the meantime, let us remember that the word "rak'ah" means the same as "ruku." In the previous title, we saw that ruku (bowing) is one of the movements of salah. A person who bows with those who bow will naturally perform salah according to the current number of rak'ahs in practice. As it is seen, the address for understanding the rak'ahs is congregational practice, not any non-Quranic text (hadith or fiqh book). There has been no period in Islamic history when salahs were interrupted. Even in the first centuries when fiqh and hadith books were not written, Muslims performed their salahs by participating in the practice, that is, "by bowing with those who bow," and they did not feel any deficiency.

In addition, those who adopt this view have interpreted the expression in 4-An-Nisa Verse 101, which says that salah can be shortened in case of danger from enemies, as meaning that a certain length (number of rak'ahs) of salah is known, and that it is expressed that salah can be performed in danger times shorter than this known length. Zeki Bayraktar, who defends this view and especially draws attention to 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 43, says: "Can there be any difference in terms of the number of rak'ahs between the salah of a person who applies our suggestion and our salahs? For example, is there a possibility that this person will perform the evening salah as 2 rak'ahs or 4 rak'ahs instead of 3 rak'ahs? Or can he perform the noon salah as 2 rak'ahs instead of 4 rak'ahs? Of course, he cannot. As many rak'ahs (how much ruku) the congregation he follows performs, that person will bow that much. Well, based on what knowledge did this person learn the number of rak'ahs and perform his salahs in the same way as us from the very beginning? By looking at fiqh books? With hadiths? Or just with the command (formula) of the Quran?.. This visual material is the images and movements of the believers who have been performing congregational salah five times a day for centuries. The Quran, so to speak, gives a link to this practice of the Believers for how the salahs are performed and says learn the manner/rak'ahs of performing salah from this practice." (Zeki Bayraktar, Quran and Sunnah: But Which Sunnah)

There is also an interesting historical document presented in support of this view. First of all, let us recall once again that it is stated in the Quran that the communities that followed the religious rulings conveyed through the prophets before our Prophet also performed salah. (For example, see: 10-Yunus Verse 87, 11-Hud Verse 87, 19-Maryam Verse 31, 31-Luqman Verse 17, 98-Al-Bayyinah Verse 5.) According to the mentioned document, Rabbinic Jews, a branch of Jews; used to perform salah in a way that morning salah is 2, noon salah is 4, afternoon salah is 4, evening salah is 3, and night salah is 1 rak'ah. In each rak'ah, they performed qiyam once, ruku once, and sajdah twice. (Ben Abrahamson, Tracing the Derivation of Prayer Positions from Torah, to Temple Times, to Modern Practice; Vedat Yılmaz, Herkesin Bildiği Namaz, Kitap ve Hikmet Dergisi, Year: 2, Issue: 4) In addition, in some Christian denominations (today mostly practiced only by some clergymen), there is a tradition of performing timely salahs depending on various rak'ahs. Of course, we are not in a position to confirm that the information conveyed by the historical document mentioned regarding Rabbinic Judaism is correct, if this document is correct, it can be thought that the difference in night salah is a result of an incorrect transmission, but it does not seem possible to prove this either. Those who evaluate this historical document as a side evidence think that the rak'ah-based practice in its current form, which was practiced in the period when the first revelations came to our Prophet, was understood when "that salah" (es-salat) was said, and that with the command "perform that salah", Muslims started to practice salah in this form, and then those who participated in this daily practice with our Prophet (by bowing with those who bow) saw this act of worship and carried it to the present day without interruption.

According to those who advocate the second approach, it is obligatory (fard) to perform the qiyam, ruku, and sajdah movements mentioned in the Quran in every salah, but the number of times these movements are performed is a practice that emerged to bring order to salahs. In other words, performing the number of rak'ahs in a certain way is not obligatory (fard), but the current number of rak'ahs is a sunnah of the ummah that especially brings order to congregational salahs. (See section 16 for the concept of "Sunnah of the Ummah".) "Sunnah of the Ummah" refers to the practices of the ummah that serve the universal rulings and principles set by the Quran, even if they do not correspond to them. According to this, having certain rak'ah numbers for salahs is not a ruling that the Quran puts forward as a universal principle. However, having certain rak'ah numbers for salahs is a practice that brings order to the congregational salahs of Muslims. In this aspect, performing salahs with a certain number of rak'ahs, even if not obligatory (fard), is a practice that serves the unity of Muslims, which is a universal principle from the Quran, and the order in the salahs they perform in congregation. According to this view, although it is wrong to say that having certain rak'ahs for salahs is a universal Quranic principle, that is, obligatory (fard), this practice should be preserved because it serves a Quranic universal principle. The fact that rak'ah numbers are not mentioned in the Quran is put forward as evidence for this view.

In addition, those who defend this view understand the expression in 4-An-Nisa Verse 101, which says that salah can be shortened in case of danger from enemies, not as shortening in terms of rak'ahs, but as salahs can be performed in a shorter way than generally performed in such situations, that is, a temporal shortening. The expression "La cunahun", translated as "There is no sin/blame upon you" in 4-An-Nisa Verse 102; is used in the Quran in some places to eliminate the concerns of Muslims. For example, the expression "La cunahun" is used in 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 158 to indicate that those who go to Hajj or Umrah can visit Safa and Marwa. Even if this verse did not exist, there was no obstacle for Muslims to visit this region. But it is clear that the expression "La cunahun" was used to eliminate the concerns in the minds of Muslims. According to this view, in the same way, the expression that there is no blame (La cunahun) on Muslims for performing salah briefly is not because salah has a certain length. There is no such verse indicating the length. However, it has been said that there is no blame on Muslims for shortening the salah in case of war, due to the concern of Muslims who perform salah quickly in a dangerous situation, such as "Did we rush through the salah?".

Even if this second approach is accepted as correct, we are of the opinion that it would be good to continue these types of practices that bring order to salah, especially in congregational salahs, and that the regulations regarding rak'ahs should not be made a subject of unnecessary discussion. Whichever of these two views is accepted, it is seen that the manner of performing salahs can be understood without referring to hadith or fiqh sources other than the Quran, and that it is wrong to pile up hundreds of volumes of books in front of the Quran based on salahs.

SALAH TIMES

In the Quran, it is mentioned that salah is an obligation with নির্ধারিত (prescribed/fixed) times (4-An-Nisa Verse 103). It is important that salah, which includes the elements we have seen before, is performed at certain times. According to 4-An-Nisa Verse 103, the salah of a time should be performed within that time. (Performing salahs as "timely obligation" as stated in 4-An-Nisa Verse 103 is done by fulfilling this obligation in each time, not by combining salahs that should be performed at different times into a single time, i.e. In the Quran, permission is not given anywhere for the practice known as combining salahs, that is, combining two separate time salahs into one time.) There is no concept of "qada salah (making up missed salahs)" in the Quran either. Regarding the issue of fasting, Allah has told us to fast on other days for the number of days we could not fast. If Allah had willed, He would have done the same for salah as well. Therefore, no one should mislead those who are going to start salah by saying, "You need to make qada for so many... salahs from the past." A person cannot let a time pass without performing the salah of that time in a salah time because he does not want to or for a reason such as laziness. If he does, this is a sin according to our religion and it is necessary to repent for it. From 4-An-Nisa Verses 101, 102, and 103, we see that even in a situation where there are concerns such as harm from the enemy, salah is performed, but this performance is carried out by one group being on guard while the other group performs salah and by shortening the salah. If it were possible to postpone the timely salahs - that is, if it were not obligatory to perform salahs at certain times - this would undoubtedly be possible primarily in such situations. Therefore, the verses describing salah in case of fear from the enemy also show the importance of performing salahs at their times. The fact that salahs are a timely obligation is a clear Quranic expression.

Since salahs are a timely obligation, it has been a matter of debate whether these times, which times they are, can be understood without referring to hadith or fiqh books. When attention is drawn to the hundreds of problems that will arise when trying to understand the basic commands and prohibitions of Islam with hadiths, some think that by bringing up only the issue of salah, they will eliminate thousands of problems in hadith literature that are contrary to the Quran and reason, and that they will eliminate the necessity of adopting a Quran-centered understanding of Islam. Those who adopt sectarian-hadithic understandings can never think that they themselves should make an accounting of the problems with hadiths, while they try to show that the Quran is insufficient by bringing up how certain issues should be answered with the Quran. As we have seen before, although concerns have been raised about how salahs should be performed, it is understood how salah is performed without referring to any hadith or fiqh book. In the same way, we will show that there is no need for any hadith or fiqh book to understand the times of salahs. While saying this, we do not deny that those who put forward Quran-centered understandings put forward different views regarding salah times. The fact that different approaches and views have been put forward on this subject does not change the fact that salah times can be understood without reference to hadith or fiqh books.

Moreover, those who say that salah is understood from hadith and fiqh books seem to be unaware of the contradictions about salah in hadith and fiqh books. For example, in one hadith, camel meat invalidates ablution, and in another, it does not; in one hadith, it is obligatory to fold hands in salah, and in another, it is obligatory to release them. Reciting Surah Al-Fatiha in salah, which is said to be obligatory in one madhhab, is not obligatory in another madhhab. Moreover, there are such hadiths that if these are accepted, it is not even possible to say that salah is obligatory five times a day. For example, according to a hadith in Abu Dawud, one of the kutub-i sitte (six canonical hadith collections) books, Fudale asked our Prophet for something to replace the five daily salahs, saying that he was busy, and our Prophet told him to perform the morning and afternoon salahs (Abu Dawud, Salat). But how is it possible for our Prophet to invalidate what Allah has made obligatory? A person who reads this hadith may think that our Prophet can invalidate the nafilah (supererogatory) salahs, therefore the five daily salahs are nafilah and it is sufficient to perform two times. If hadiths were the source of rulings instead of the Quran, such an interpretation would be more reasonable than our Prophet making a salah discount specific to a person. According to another hadith, Safwan bin Muattal, one of the Companions, did not perform the morning salah on time, he performed it whenever he woke up. When our Prophet learned about this situation, he said, "Perform salah when you wake up." (Hanbal, Abu Dawud, Hakim, Bayhaqi) However, such permission contradicts both 4-An-Nisa Verse 103, which states that salah is a timely obligation, and the Quran verses that command it because it is a salah time that is mentioned with the name "fajr salah" (morning salah) and it is stated that it is obligatory to perform it. In short, there are many expressions in hadiths that are contrary to both the widespread salah practices of the ummah and the Quran.

Those who cling to hadithic-sectarian understandings with four hands, despite thousands of disagreements among madhhabs, make the disagreements of those who show Quran-centered approaches, which are at a much lower level, an excuse and try to escape from the message of the Quran. However, in hadiths, as we have seen many examples so far, truth and falsehood are mixed in a way that cannot be distinguished, and hadith books are also full of hundreds of hadiths that are contrary to the Quran and reason. In short, it is not possible to achieve results with any hadith-centered approach. The emergence of some disagreements in Quran-centered approaches should be seen as inaccurate interpretations of some of those who show Quran-centered approaches. The solution is to make a choice among the different interpretations that emerge in Quran-centered approaches, and not to give up on Quran-centered approaches. Since it is clear from what has been told so far that there is no other source of rulings of Islam other than the Quran and that the remaining sources are not reliable in determining universal religious rulings, some differences in understanding that may arise among Quran-centered understandings cannot be an excuse for adopting hadith-centered understandings of Islam. Quran-centered understanding of Islam is the only possible understanding, because the only reliable source is the Quran, even though it is possible for those who make the Quran the starting point to reach wrong interpretations, the source of movement of those who reach these wrong interpretations is still correct, their interpretations are wrong. Although there are very large differences between the interpretations of those who move from hadiths, the main and uncorrectable problem here is the unreliability of the source of movement. In short, although determining the source of rulings correctly in Quran-centered understandings is an important step, this correct step does not guarantee that every Quranic interpretation of everyone who takes this step is correct. Below, we will convey how those who have a Quran-centered understanding understand salah times in two different approaches without referring to hadith and fiqh books at all. We will also touch upon the differences within those who adopt the second of these approaches. We leave the evaluation of these understandings to you.

According to the first approach, Muslims who received the command to "perform that salah" (es-salat) understood what was meant by "that salah"; the times of salahs are also included in this understanding. Since salah has been an act of worship performed in the Mecca region since Prophet Ibrahim, and as we see from the Quran, Jews and Christians were also commanded to perform salah. Since the first Muslims in Mecca and Medina were in interaction with these, they knew what salah was. Those who adopt this approach state that just as the number of rak'ahs of salahs is included in what is understood from the expression "that salah", the times of salahs are also included in what is understood from the expression "that salah". As an additional historical evidence for this, the practice of Rabbinic Jews, whom we have drawn attention to before and who perform salah five times a day as morning, noon, afternoon, evening, and night salah, has been shown. (Ben Abrahamson, Tracing the Derivation of Prayer Positions from Torah, to Temple Times, to Modern Practice; Vedat Yılmaz, Herkesin Bildiği Namaz, Kitap ve Hikmet Dergisi, Year: 2, Issue: 4) In addition, the verse "and bow with those who bow" (2-Al-Baqarah Verse 43) has also been put forward as an evidence in favor of this view. According to this, Muslims will learn the times of salah by performing salah with those who perform salah. The address for learning the times of salah is not hadith or fiqh books, but congregational salahs performed every day. Already in the first centuries when hadith and fiqh books did not emerge, people were learning the form and number of times of salahs according to this formula. There is no other practice of Islam like salah that is performed every day with congregational practice, those who participate in this practice learn the times of salah as well as the rak'ahs. In short, the evidences put forward that the rak'ahs of salahs in the current widespread practice are obligatory (fard) and the evidences put forward that the five times in the current widespread practice are obligatory (fard) are based on the same logical basis. Examining that view about rak'ahs once again will enable you to understand the view that states that salah is obligatory (fard) as five times better.

According to the second approach, it is explained in the verses of the Quran how many times salahs are. However, among those who adopt this approach, different views have been expressed about how many times are understood from the Quran. While there are those who state that salahs are described as five times in the verses in the Quran, there have also been those who state that salahs are understood as three or two times from the verses in the Quran. Of course, not all three of these approaches can be correct. However, in any case, the times of salahs are understood without referring to hadith and fiqh books, what should be done is to sincerely evaluate the claims put forward, a disagreement that has arisen here cannot be put forward as evidence that there is a need for sources other than the Quran for salah times. Similarly, different views have been expressed in the interpretations of those who adopt a hadithic-sectarian understanding regarding what the meaning of the verses in which disagreement arose is. We will not examine this issue in all its details here, but in order to inform you, we will draw attention to the issues where the disagreements are knotted and invite you to research for the evaluation of the issue. The verses where the discussions are most knotted have been the following:

Protect the salahs, especially the middle salah.
2-Al-Baqarah Verse 238

And establish prayer at the two ends of the day and at the approach of the night. Indeed, good deeds do away with misdeeds.
11-Hud Verse 114

Establish prayer from the decline of the sun [from its meridian] until the darkness of the night and [especially] the Quran recitation of dawn. Indeed, the Quran recitation of dawn is ever witnessed.
17-Al-Isra Verse 78

O you who have believed, let those whom your right hands possess and those who have not [yet] reached puberty ask permission of you three times [before entering]: before dawn prayer and when you put aside your clothing [for rest] at noon and after the night prayer. They are three times of privacy for you.
24-An-Nur Verse 58

Those who state that it is understood from the Quran that five daily salahs are obligatory have interpreted 11-Hud Verse 114 as follows: What is meant by "at the two ends of the day" are the salahs performed in two parts of the day, and with the expression "and" in the verse, it is understood that at least three salahs in the night time should be added to these. Because the expression "zulefen" expresses plurality, which is at least three (remember that in Arabic, special expressions are used for duality as well as for the singular form). Those in this view have generally understood the expression "from the decline of the sun" (li-duliki ash-shamsi) in 17-Al-Isra Verse 78 as the movement of the sun from noon peak to the west, that is, as the beginning of the noon salah in today's widespread practice. According to this approach, the expression "from the decline of the sun" is taken as the beginning of the first salah at the two ends of the day, and "the salah at the two ends of the day" must be performed in the time until the evening salah. The expression "night" (layl) in Arabic expresses the period when the sun is not present. The other three times are the morning before sunrise, the evening after sunset, and the night salahs in other parts of the night, which are performed in this period. They take the "middle" (vusta) salah in 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 238 as the afternoon salah and the "isha" salah in 24-An-Nur Verse 58 as the night salah. Those who defend this view support their arguments by stating that when the expression of the verse "bow with those who bow" is applied, these five times will also be performed.

Those who state that it is understood from the Quran that three daily salahs are obligatory have interpreted 11-Hud Verse 114 as follows: What is meant by "at the two ends of the day" are the two adjacent ends of the day from the outside, that is, morning and evening salahs are understood by this expression. The expression "and" here should be understood as an explanation of the previous expression. (In many places in the Quran, the expression "and" is used to explain the previous expression without adding anything to the previous expression. It is a known feature of the Arabic language that the conjunction "and" is also used in this way.) Then the expression "at the approach of the night" emphasizes the time zones of the night, that is, the part of the day when the sun is not present, which are close to these two times; these are again morning and evening salahs. To these, the "middle salah" was added with 2-Al-Baqarah Verse 238, and the number of salahs became three. The expression "from the decline of the sun" in 17-Al-Isra Verse 78 expresses the beginning of the middle salah, this salah ends with the entry of the evening salah. The expression "until the darkness of the night" (ila gasakı al-layli) in 17-Al-Isra Verse 78 indicates the end of the evening salah. The expression "Quran recitation of dawn" in 17-Al-Isra Verse 78 expresses that salah begins at the moment when the lights gather on the horizon, and this process ends with sunrise; this is the time of morning salah. (Note that the meaning of "gathering" is given to the expression "Quran" here, which is one of the meanings of this word.) Accordingly, three salah times are understood from the combination of two salah times in 11-Hud Verse 114 and one salah time in 2-Al-Baqarah Surah 238; from 17-Al-Isra Verse 78, the time zones in whi