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The Miracle of Earth in the Glorious Quran:

4-  The cloning of the universe and all of its earths into 7 Heavens ("So He completed them as seven firmaments فقضاهن سبع سموات").

The following big article is broken down into the following sections with ample Verses from the Glorious Quran:

1-  The seven layers of earth:  Seven innter layers, seven atmospheric layers, and seven continents.

2-  The miracle of earth's formation, plate tectonics, mountains' formation, and earth's spherical expansion in the Glorious Quran.  The earth expanded spherically "dahaha".

3-  There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is also plural in both the Glorious Quran and Hadiths [3] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).  See the other Noble Verses that speak about the many earths.  Prophet Muhammad said there are earths أرضين like ours in the Universes.

4-  The cloning of the universe and all of its earths into 7 Heavens ("So He completed them as seven firmaments فقضاهن سبع سموات").

5-  Iron sent down from space miracle.  Science confirmed the Quran's Divine Claim.  Also, the Numerical Miracle of Iron in the Glorious Quran.

6-  Earth will be substituted with another earth on the Day of Resurrection.

7-  Ozone Layer as Green Carpet Hadith Miracle.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.

Also visit the Rebuttals Section below for detailed interactions and challenges.

From www.answering-christianity.com/ufo.htm:

"And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the living creatures that He has scattered through them: and He has power to gather them together when He wills.  (The Noble Quran, 42:29)"

This Noble Verse was forwarded to me by brother Frank (www.why-christians-convert-to-islam.com), who have embraced Islam; may Allah Almighty always be pleased with him.

As we see, "through them" includes the living creatures in both the Universe (heavens) and the earth.  Please visit: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7906/ for more details and proofs.  This link too was forwarded to me by brother Frank.

Also, "gather them together when He wills" seems to suggest that Allah Almighty would allow communication, finding and meeting with those scattered creations in the Universe (UFOs in other words) when "He wills".

To see all of the Noble Verses that clearly prove that UFOs do exist in the Noble Quran, please visit: www.answering-christianity.com/ufo.htm.

The earth's seven inner layers:

The Seven Layers of the earth's atmosphere:

"Scientists have found that the atmosphere consists of several layers. The layers differ in such physical properties as pressure and the types of gasses. The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth is called the TROPOSPHERE. It contains about 90% of the total mass of the atmosphere. The layer above the troposphere is called the STRATOSPHERE. The OZONE LAYER is the part of the stratosphere where absorption of ultraviolet rays occurs. The layer above the stratosphere is called the MESOSPHERE. The THERMOSPHERE lies above the mesosphere. The ionized gases form a layer within the thermosphere called the IONOSPHERE. The outermost part of Earth's atmosphere extends from about 480 km out to 960 km. This part is called the EXOSPHERE. (Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, s. 319-322)"  

http://www.creationofuniverse.com/html/science_07.html

Also Visit:

Evidence from the Quran that Allah Almighty Created the 7 Heavens and all of their Earths from Cloning.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.

Also visit the Rebuttals Section below for detailed interactions and challenges.

  
The full article with images and more scientific proofs is as follows:

From http://www.creationofuniverse.com/html/science_07.html:

One fact about the universe revealed in the verses of the Qur'an is that the sky is made up of seven layers.

"It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things." (The Qur'an, 2:29)

"Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate." (The Qur'an, 41:12)

The word "heavens", which appears in many verses in the Qur'an, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen that the Earth's sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers.

Indeed, today it is known that the world's atmosphere consists of different layers that lie on top of each other. Furthermore, it consists, just as is described in the Qur'an, of exactly seven layers. In a scientific source, the subject is described as follows:

Scientists have found that the atmosphere consists of several layers. The layers differ in such physical properties as pressure and the types of gasses. The layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth is called the TROPOSPHERE. It contains about 90% of the total mass of the atmosphere. The layer above the troposphere is called the STRATOSPHERE. The OZONE LAYER is the part of the stratosphere where absorption of ultraviolet rays occurs. The layer above the stratosphere is called the MESOSPHERE. The THERMOSPHERE lies above the mesosphere. The ionized gases form a layer within the thermosphere called the IONOSPHERE. The outermost part of Earth's atmosphere extends from about 480 km out to 960 km. This part is called the EXOSPHERE. (Carolyn Sheets, Robert Gardner, Samuel F. Howe; General Science, Allyn and Bacon Inc. Newton, Massachusetts, 1985, s. 319-322)

If we count the number of layers cited in this source, we see that the atmosphere consists of exactly seven layers, just as stated in the verse.

1. Troposphere

2. Stratosphere

3. Ozonosphere

4. Mesosphere

5. Thermosphere

6. Ionosphere

7. Exosphere

Another important miracle on this subject is mentioned in the statement "(He) revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate.", in verse 12 of Sura Fussilet. In other words, in the verse, God states that He assigned each heaven its own duty. Truly, as seen in previous chapters, each one of these layers has vital duties for the benefit of human kind and all other living things on the Earth. Each layer has a particular function, ranging from forming rain to preventing harmful rays, from reflecting radio waves, to averting the harmful effects of meteors.

One of these functions, for example, is stated in a scientific source as follows:

Earth's atmosphere has 7 layers. The lowest layer is called troposphere. Rain, snow and wind only take place in the troposphere. (http://muttley.ucdavis.edu/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/layers-01.html).....site had moved to (http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Atmosphere/beginner/layers-01.html)

It is a great miracle that these facts, which could not possibly be discovered without the technology of the 20th century, were explicitly stated by the Qur'an 1,400 years ago.

This picture was added on June 25th, 2007

From Arizona State University

Again, while Scientists may have different names for some of the atmospheric layers of earth, but
they agree on their functionality and number.

(http://www.harunyahya.com/the_Quran_leads_the_way_to_science05.php)

Our Earth's 7 Parts:

Seven Atmospheric Layers:
troposphere
stratosphere
ozone layer
mesosphere
thermosphere
ionosphere
exosphere

Seven Layers:
crust
lithosphere
upper mantle
astenoshpere
lower mantle
outer core
inner core

Seven Continents:
North America
South America
Australia
Asia
Africa
Antarctica
Europe

source :
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/8172311613/ref=pd_sim_books_1/t/103-5743194-0757406?v=glance&s=books

Also Visit:

Evidence from the Quran that Allah Almighty Created the 7 Heavens and all of their Earths from Cloning.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.

Please visit: Allah Almighty said that the earth is "egg-shaped".

The Earth is round according to Islam.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

The amazing creation of earth and mountains in the Noble Quran.

Geology in the Noble Quran - See the Scientific confirmation.

Oceanology in the Noble Quran - See the Scientific confirmation.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.
  

Also visit the Rebuttals Section below for detailed interactions and challenges.

The new scientific discovery had also revealed that the metal iron was not created or formed from earth or earth material at all!  Iron was sent by burning stars traveling through space that had collided with earth !.  When those stars collided with earth and their melted metals cooled down and changed from liquid burned/melted metals to hard solid metals, they formed the metal of what we call today iron.

Iron was sent from Space:

Also, notice that the in Noble Verse 57:25 above, Allah Almighty says clearly "We sent down iron...." and He didn't say "We created iron from earth...."  Allah Almighty's claim was very accurate and precise.  "We sent down iron....." clearly states that iron was created outside the earth and was brought down by the Will of Allah Almighty for a purpose, and that is "(material for) Mighty war, as well as many benefits for mankind, that Allah may test who it is that will help, unseen, Him and His messengers: For Allah is Full of strength, exalted in Might (And able to enforce His Will).  (The Noble Quran, 57:25)"

Allah Almighty did mention in the Noble Quran that He sent His book (The Noble Quran) as guidance, light, power, truth and wisdom for those who seek knowledge and truth; see Noble Verses 2:2, 2:259, 42:52, 16:89, 27:76-77, 17:105, 32:3, 34:6, 35:31, 39:2, 39:41, 42:17, 57:16 and many other verses.

Outside Supporting articles:

http://www.universalunity.net/iron.htm   This article shows the Mathematical Codes of Iron in the Noble Quran and Science, and shows how Science confirmed Allah Almighty's Divine Claim in Noble Verses 17:49-50 about the dead converting into rocks and iron.   In case the web site is down, you can access the article on my site.

http://www.universalunity.net/iron2.htm   More elaborations on Noble Verses 17:49-51.  In case the web site is down, you can access the article on my site.

Also Visit:

Evidence from the Quran that Allah Almighty Created the 7 Heavens and all of their Earths from Cloning.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.
  

Also visit the Rebuttals Section below for detailed interactions and challenges.

Further proofs from brother Hasan; may Allah Almighty always be pleased with him:

As'salamu Alaikum brother Osama

I thought that you could benefit from the following:

In surat al7adid Allah Almighty mentions the word iron (al7adid) in the verse 25 and this sura's number is 57..if you summed these number up you will have 82 which is the same result that you would get from summing up iron's atomic number 26 and it mass number (55.845 approximately 56).  The word al7adid appears in the verse 25 approximately in the middle of that verse.  If you divided 24.5/29(the number of verses in that surah) you will get 0.844827586207 which agrees with the recently discovered iron's mass number up to three significant digits ! can this be just a couensedense or its another sign of a miracle?

.........

One other thing: if you didn't do that i suggest that you visit islamway web site www.islamway.com and listen to lectures given by Dr.Tariq Swedan about the miracles of the quran .. you might find some really useful things from there...

Bye and take care. Assalamualikum

Articles and astronomical proofs that Iron came from space as the Noble Quran mentioned:

First Article:

The following article was taken from http://ca.geocities.com/spacephysicsisu/meteoroid.html.   It talks about iron and "stony irons" originating from space:

Meteroid Topics covered on this page:

• Definition
  • Meteoroids, Meteors & Meteorites
  • Great balls of fire!
  • The origins of meteor showers
• All about Meteorites…
  • Composition
• Impacts on Earth

What are Meteoroids, Meteors and Meteorites?

There are three stages to the phenomenon regarding meteors. In the majority of the cases, an object will only make it to the second stage. Here are the stages:

Meteoroid: A piece of debris that is traveling through space towards our planet.

Meteor: A brief flash of light that we see at night which is not caused by the material "burning" with friction from the atmosphere, but instead, from the excited atoms caused by the object's high speed.

Meteorite: A small number of objects that are not entirely destroyed in the upper atmosphere and arrives at the ground.

Great balls of fire!

Pieces of material which cause meteors to enter Earth's upper atmosphere at very high velocity: around 260000km/h. The flash of light that we see happens when the object is around 100 km above the surface of the Earth. If the object were to be the size of a grape, than it would create a brilliant flash that could even cast shadows on the ground. Such bright meteors are called FIREBALLS. The image here shows a fireball.

The origins of meteor showers

Many more meteors can be seen at night during a certain time of the year. The reasons behind this are comets.

As a comet orbits near the Sun, it loses materials, such as dust and rocks, which are given out by the tail. These materials cause a continuous trail to form behind the comet as it orbits. When the Earth crosses the path which a trail once was, the particles of materials that they contain are taken up by Earth's atmosphere. These appear in the sky as a shower of meteors. The dates of these meteor showers are known. For example: The Eta Aquarid shower (around May 4th) and the Orionid shower (October 20th) are both cause by the trail left by Halley's comet.

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All about meteorites...

The vast majority of the meteors are from comet trails, however, these particles are usually too small to survive the trip to the Earth since they burn up too quickly. On the other hand, much larger chunks do survive. These meteorites are from a different source though. Rather than a result from the trail left by a comet, meteorites are originated from asteroids. When colliding with another asteroid, pieces or chunks will break off, and in other cases, the entire asteroid might even be shattered. The result is a cloud of RUBBLE, which are large pieces of rock and metals from the original asteroid that wander into the path of the Earth and fall through the Earth's atmosphere.

The resulting meteor is incredibly bright and could even cast strong shadows. Even though a whole lot of the meteor is burned off, some may still survive, and the resulting meteorite gives plenty of information about an asteroid's composition and even that of the early solar system.

This meteorite fell on Earth on August 14th, 1992 in Uganda. The meteorite was made of stone, which broke down along its fall causing debris to be distributed over an area of 3 x 7 km. At least 48 fragments have been found, and it is thought that the original object might have been 1000 kg. The largest piece recovered is shown in the picture.

Even though most meteorites come from asteroids, there are some that are thought to have come from comets, and other that have a composition, which is relatively close to the rocks found on the Moon. At least 7 other meteorites are of a type that match closely to the materials found on Mars, which suggests that there was probably an impact on the surface of Mars. A Martian meteorite is shown here.

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Composition

Meteorites are generally divided into three classes according to their composition:

Iron: This is the most regularly encountered meteorite. The most common material (90%) is iron, with a smaller amount of nickel mixed in. An example of the meteorites that were irons were the ones that fell at Barringer, Arizona, and Wolf Creek, Australia.

Stony meteorites: This type of meteorites are the most common type to fall. On the other hand, because they are very comparable in composition to the rocks on Earth, they are tricky to spot. Some stony meteorites contain small glassy spheres called CHONDRULES, and objects with these spheres are known as CHONDRITES. Stony meteorites without the spheres are called ACHONDRITES.

Stony Irons: These are the final major class of meteorite. They contain small pieces of stone fixed in a body of iron.

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Impacts on Earth

We are very lucky today that the majority of debris, which enters Earth from space, is small in size. However, a small fraction of the pieces do survive the journey. These are meteorites, as we have discussed in the previous section. Meteorites usually cause not too severe damage than a hole in a house roof or a small crater in the ground.

On the other hand, things were not always this fortunate. During the past, Earth has been hit by much larger objects, which have left scars on the surface. For example, some scientists believe that the disappearance of the Dinosaurs about 65 million years ago was caused by the impact of a large asteroid in an area now covered by the Indian Ocean. Some also believe that a huge body (possibly the size of a planet) caused a large piece to fracture off our planet and form the Moon, which we see today. Here are several impact sites on Earth that we have been able to identify.

Here are some famous craters from around the world:

Barringer, Arizona, USA.

Barringer is 1.2 km across, and is about 49,000 years old. It is possibly the most famous terrestrial impact crater,

Wolfe Creek, Western Australia.

This crater is less than 0.3 million years old and has a diameter of 0.9 km.

Second Article:

This article was taken from http://spacelink.nasa.gov/Instructional.Materials/Curriculum.Support/Space.Science/Our.Solar.System/Small.Bodies/Comets.Asteroids.and.Meteoroids

Some Facts about COMETS
1. Comets are usually named after their discoverers.
2. Comets are wanderers who visit our solar system.
3. Their home ground is the Oort Cloud Region 
   (9,300,000,000 miles from the sun).
4. In ancient times it was believed that comets were the souls of
   heroes or kings on their way to heaven, or messengers of
   disasters, etc.
5. Comets may be the left over rock dust and icy matter from the
   formation of the solar system.
6. Some comets are sun-grazing (sweep close to the sun).
7. Comet Kohoutex was seen in 1974. It may not be back for a 
   million years or more.

                      TABLE OF RETURNING COMETS

COMET     PERIOD        SEEN           RETURNED
Encke     3.3 years     1980      Always within range of telescope
Tempel 2  5.3 years     1978            1983
Holmes    7.1 years     1979            1986
Faye      7.4 years     1977            1984
Halley     76 years     1910            1986

Some Facts about ASTEROIDS
1. An asteroid is a rocky object, smaller than a planet, that orbits
   the sun.
2. Asteroids orbit the sun between the planets Mars and Jupiter.
3. During the early age of our solar system thousands of asteroids
   crashed into Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Jupiter.
4. There are tens of thousands of asteroids in the asteroid belt 
   region.
5. Ceres, discovered in 1801, is the largest asteroid known to man.
6. All asteroids lumped together would be smaller than Earth's moon.
7. Pioneer 10 is the first man-made spacecraft to travel through the
   Asteroid Belt.
8. Small chunks are called meteoroids.
 
METEOROIDS, METEORS, METEORITES

If you have gazed at the night sky for any length of time you have no
doubt seen "falling stars", "shooting stars" or meteors. These are
bits of material which have been heated to incandescence by the
friction of the air. Those pieces which are sufficiently large to not
vaporize completely and reach the surface of the Earth are termed
meteorites. The incandescent trails as they are coming through the
Earth's atmosphere are termed meteors, and these chunks as they are
hurtling through space are called meteoroids.

Meteorites may look very much like Earth rocks, or they may have a
burned appearance. They may be dense metallic chunks or more rocky.
Some may have thumbprint-like depressions, roughened or smooth
exteriors.

Upon closer examination most meteoritic samples fall into
predominately nickel-iron alloy called siderites or more commonly iron
meteorites; the predominately rocky-silicates called aerolites or
stony meteorites. In between these extremes are those which are
generally an even mixture of silicate minerals and nickel-iron alloy
which are called siderolites, or stony-iron meteorites. There are
other sub-classes which will be discussed later.

Meteoritic samples vary from tiny dust grains to giant boulders having
masses of several thousand kilograms. It is difficult to distinguish
meteorites from terrestrial rocks for the samples found on the ground
i. e. "finds". Generally, the finds are of the iron variety because
they do appear different. However, many meteorites have been seen to
fall, thus the "falls" are excellent sources of meteoritic samples (of
course, it takes two simultaneous viewings from different points to
pinpoint the location of the fall).

Estimates indicate that perhaps as little as 1,000 to more than 10,000
tons of meteoritic material falls on the Earth each day. However, most
of this material is very tiny -- in the form of micrometeoroids or
dust-like grains a few micrometers in size. (These particles are so
tiny that the air resistance is enough to slow them sufficiently that
they do not burn up, but rather fall gently to Earth.

Analysis of ocean sediments show the presence of large quantities of
micro-meteorites. Considering the proportion of ocean to land, the
majority of meteorites should fall into the water.

Meteorites vary in size from micrometer size grains to large
individual boulders.

The largest individual iron is the Hoba meteorite from southwest
Africa which has a mass of about 54,000 kg.

The stones are much smaller, the largest falling in Norton County,
Kansas having a mass of about 1,000 kg.

Considering the vast infall of meteorites, one cannot help but wonder
if anyone has been hurt or killed by meteorites. There are only two
documented cases on record. The only incident of a fatality was a
shower of stones which fell upon Nakhla, near Alexandria, Egypt on
June 28, l911. One of these stones killed a dog. On November 30, 1954,
Mrs. Hewlett Hodges of Sylacauga, Alabama was severely bruised by an 8
pound stony meteorite that crashed through her roof. This is the first
known human injury.

If one compares a sampling of meteorites discovered as "falls" or
"finds", one notices a discrepancy.

                *FINDS     %         FALLS     %
Irons            409      66.0        29      5.0
Stony-Iron        46       7.5         8      1.5
Stony            165      26.0       547     93.5
(*From Watson, Fletcher G. (1956) BETWEEN THE PLANETS, Harvard
University Press. Although this is an old reference, the proportions
remain about the same today.)

Why the difference? For the finds the iron meteorites are visibly
different in mass (density) and appearance from the surrounding
terrestrial rocks. The stony meteorites are very similar to the Earth
rocks -- the major difference being perhaps a charred or melted
appearance on the surface. Thus the proportion of meteorite types for
the falls is perhaps a more valid proportion --  a preponderance of
stones, a very tiny amount of stony-iron and modest amount of irons.
What does this mean? Where do they come from? Calculations indicate
that near the Earth meteoroids have speeds in the range of 65 km/sec.
The Earth's orbital speed of 30 km/sec means that they could have a
relative speed between 30 and 95 km/sec. Although these speeds are not
high enough to suggest interstellar origin, another fact is that plots
show their trajectories to be elliptical and not hyperbolic, thus they
must come from within our own solar system. Perhaps they share a
common origin with the asteroids. The relative composition of the
meteoroids provides a clue for a hypothesis that they or some
originated from a planet (or planet like) body which exploded at some
time in the distant past.

The composition of stony meteorites is so similar to the Earth that it
does suggest a rocky mantle. The iron is similar to what we believe
the Earth's core is like. Thus, in 1943 R. A. Daly (in Meteorites and
an Earth Model, Bull. Geol. Soc. of Amer. 54,401-456) proposed the
following hypothesis for the ancestral body for the meteorites:
   1. It had an iron (nickel-iron) core and a stony mantle.
   2. The volume of the core is much less than the mantle. The planet
      must have been relatively small.
   3. The force of gravity on this celestial body was much less than
      that of the Earth.
What evidence do we have to support this hypothesis?
   1. We find both iron and stony meteorites.
   2. There is a much larger proportion of stony to iron meteorites.
   3. The presence of stony-iron meteorites shows a mixing of types.

We shall return to meteoritic origin later.

Looking out at the night sky one can generally see several "shooting
stars" or meteors per hour. The incandescent light comes from the
resistance of the air, rapidly heating the meteoroid as well as
ionizing the surrounding air. Thus we see a trail of light falling
toward Earth. Usually the meteoroid is completely vaporized, in a
second or less, but the larger meteors may have trails several
kilometers long and last sufficiently for remnants to be found, i.e.
meteorite falls. Some of the meteors are so bright that enough light
is emitted to cast shadows. These are called fire balls (some can even
be seen during day light.)

The rate at which meteors appear is not constant and varies with the
time of the year as well as time during the night. Sometimes during
the year the number of meteors seen increases dramatically, these are
termed "meteor showers". In fact some meteor showers occur annually or
at rather regular intervals.

The number is greater in autumn and winter. The number always
increases after midnight and is usually greatest just before dawn.
This is understandable when one considers the motion of the Earth. The
Earth is heading more into its orbital path, also the night side of
the Earth is turning toward this direction.

When a meteor shower occurs, they appear to emanate or radiate from a
point called the radiant. These meteor showers may vary in the number
of meteors but regularly occur annually, and last for a few days.
Perhaps the most famous are the Perseids which have maximum about
August 12 but begin to occur about July 25 and last until about August
18, which is much longer than most. 

Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation which
is close to the radiant.

Many of the meteor showers are associated with comets. This deduction
is because the more spectacular displays are coincident with the
period of the comet -- as well as spectrographic data matter from the
comet is spread out along its orbit, thus when the Earth's orbital
path intersects the orbital path of the comet, a meteor shower occurs.
Occasionally this occurs twice annually. Often the material is
unevenly distributed which accounts for the variation of intensity.

The leonids are associated with comet Tempel-Tuttle; Aquarids and
Orionids with Halley and the Taurids with Encke.

The majority of meteors burn up before reaching the Earth's surface,
however, examination of some meteorites indicates a loose structure or
vapor grown crystal aggregates which indicate a fluffy nature. This
gives rise to theories that some meteoroid material was aggregated,
some subjected to heating-vaporization-condensation. This contrasts
with the idea that meteoroids originated from an exploded planet or
planetoid or asteroid.

Thus many meteoroids break apart in the upper atmosphere, and become
"fluffy meteors". These are some of the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle. 

Other than spectrographic analysis of the light of the meteoric
trails, the only chemical evidence lies in those extant samples; the
meteorites.

The mineral content is on the whole similar to Earth, however, there
are some particular minerals which are unique to the meteorites.

                     DATES OF MAJOR METEOR SHOWERS

           NUMBER
  DATE OF       APPROXIMATE    PER HOUR
NAME              MAXIMUM   LIMITS        AT MAXIMUM

Quadrantids       Jan 4           Jan 1-6           110
Lyrids            Apr 22          Apr 19-24          12
Eta Aquarids      May 5           May 1-8            20
Delta Aquarids    Jul 27-28       Jul 15-Aug 15      35
Perseids          Aug 12          Jul 25-Aug 18      68
Orionids          Oct 21          Oct 16-26          30
Taurids           Nov 8           Oct 20-Nov 30      12
Leonids  Nov 17          Nov 15-19          10
Geminids          Dec 14          Dec 7-15           58


METEORITES
Meteorites generally fall into three major classes, the iron, which
are primarily iron and nickel at one end of the scale, and the stones
which are primarily silicates at the other, with the stony-irons
consisting of an even mixture of silicate and nickel-iron.

IRON
The IRON or SIDERITES consist generally of 98% nickel-iron (the
mineral name being plessite). The nickel-iron generally exists in two
forms, the kamacite, which is a low nickel (4-7%) and the high nickel
content taenite (30-60% nickel). Some cobalt is also usually present.
These two minerals are not present on the surface of the Earth. Along
with the metal, the accessory minerals generally consist of
schreibersite with some troilite, cohenite and graphite. Also
occasionally some daubreelite, although it is rather rare.

STONY-IRON
The STONY-IRON, either PALLISITES or MESOSIDERITES, generally are a
fairly even mixture of nickel-iron in an open sponge-like matrix with
the silicate minerals consisting of small rounded grains or bodies.
The composition of the stony-iron meteorites is about 50% nickel-iron
and 50% of the silicates olivine or pyroxene with occasional troilite
(ferrous sulfide).

STONY
The STONY or AEROLITES may be classified into two or three
subdivisions. These are the CHONDRITES, ACHONDRITES, and CARBONACEOUS
CHONDRITES.

CHONDRITES are silicate meteorites having chondri or small rounded
bodies of olivine or pyroxene. About 90% of the stony meteorites are
chondrites. Chondrites generally consist of 46% olivine, 25% pyroxene,
11% plagioclase and about 12% nickel-iron.

ACHONDRITES are those stony meteorites not having chondri. Only about
10% of the stones are achondrites. Achondrites generally consist of
72% pyroxene, 25% plagioclase, 9% olivine, and only about 1%
nickel-iron.

CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES are a fairly rare meteorite, having organic
molecules, water, the mineral serpentine, and usually having chondri.

Meteorites vary in size from small grains to large chunks of several
thousand pounds. The iron meteorites or siderites generally consist of
98% of a nickel-iron alloy called plessite. Due to physical processes
of melting and recrystallizing the nickel-iron can be separated into
two types, nickle rich (30-60% Ni) taenite and low nickel (4-7%)
kamacite. These separate into laminar or layered bands which are not
visible even in a polished section. However, if the polished section
is etched slightly with acid, the layers, called the Widmanstatten
pattern, becomes visible.

Although nickel-iron is found on the Earth, the particular minerals
kamacite and taenite are so far only found in meteorites. Usually some
cobalt is also present (less than one percent).

Along with the metals, the accessory minerals (about 2%) generally
consist of schreibersite (an iron nickel phosphide;) with some
troilite (a ferrous sulfide; FeS) cohenite,an iron-nickel carbide; and
graphite (carbon/C). Also occasionally some daubreelite (an iron
chromium sulfide); although it is rather rare and not found in
terrestrial rocks.

The iron meteorites can be divided into four basic groups. The
hexahedrites have a nickel content less than 7%. The accessory mineral
is generally only troilite. The hexahedrite nickel-iron is only the
kamacite variety.

The octahedrites having an overall nickel content between 6.5 and 18%.
The octahedral crystal structure (confirmed by x-ray analysis) may be
coarse, medium or fine grained. The octahedrites which are far more
prevalent contain both kamacite and taenite. The accessory minerals
are usually troilite and graphite.

The nickel-rich axtites have a nickel content generally between 12 and
25% but sometimes greater. these contain modular or laminar inclusions
of graphite, schreibersite, cohenite and troilite. The nickel-iron
present is only taenite.

The final and unusual group may be referred to as
irons-with-silicate-inclusions (IWSI) in which about one-fourth of the
volume (still only a few percent of the mass) is made up of irregular
masses of silicates such as olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene along with
graphite, troilite and schreibersite.

The stony-iron, siderolites, or pallisites or mesodiderites generally
lie intermediate between the stones and irons with a 50-50 mixture of
nickel-iron alloy and silicate minerals.

Generally the silicate minerals exist as small rounded bodies or
grains in a sponge-like matrix of the alloy. The minerals are
generally olivine or pyroxene with occasional troilite.

The stony-irons generally fall into two groups:
  1. The pallisites which have the silicate (predominately olivine)
     in a continuous matrix of nickel-iron.
  2. The mesosiderites which have pyroxene and troilite along with the
     olivine in a discontinuous matrix of metal.

The stony or aerolites are predominately silicate minerals with small
amounts of nickel-iron alloy. They may be classed several ways, the
major division being the presence or absence of small rounded bodies
of silicates called chondri or chondrules. Thus those which have these
chondrules are called chondrites, those which do not are achondrites.
The vast majority (or about 90%) of stony meteorites are chondrites.

These may be classified and sub-classified as follows:
The chondrites, or ordinary chondrites consist generally of 46%
olivine, 25% pyroxene, 11% plagioclase and about 12% nickel-iron with
traces of troilite and chromite. However the specific analysis may
provide further subdivisions based upon the specific amount of metal
(i.e H=High, L=Low and LL=Very Low.)

In the ordinary chondrites, the iron classification difference lies in
the relative total iron content, and iron present in the metal. The
amount of iron in the silicates olivine and pyroxene run counter to
this.

Iron                  Total    Iron in    Iron in      Iron in
Classification        Iron     Metal      Olivine      Pyroxene

High       H type     27%       16%        13%            8%
Low        L type     22%        6%        17%           10%
Very Low  LL type     21%        2%        20%           12%
            (These percentages are averages.)

The texture and crystal structure (degree of metamorphism) are given
number 3 for the least metamorphosed to 6 for the most highly
metamorphosed.

The extraordinary or unusual chondrites are the enstatite chondrites
and the carbonaceous chondrites.

The Enstatite chondrites consist of minerals in a highly reduced state
including the minerals - enstatite (a variety of orthorhombic
pyroxene), plagiocalse and troilite and sinoite, oldhamite (CaS),
osbornite (TiN) and others. Enstatite chondrites cannot conveniently
be classified by iron content.

The carbonaceous chondrites, a fairly rare type, have little or no
free metal, contain some iron compounds but contain serpentine,
organic compounds and water of hydration. The carbon and water are
used to sub-classify the carbonaceous chondrites. Those having the
most water and carbon (water about 20.1%, C about 3.5%) are termed C1
or type I. They also contain magnetite and ferric chamosite.

Those having an intermediate amount of water and carbon (water =
13.4%, C = 2.5%) are termed C3 or Type II. They also contain larger
amounts of olivine and troilite along with some enstatite and ferric
chamosite.

Those carbonaceous chondrites having the least amount of carbon and
water (water = 1.0%, C = 0.5%) are termed C3 or type III. They contain
olivine, enstatite, troilite, pentlandlite but no ferric chamosite.

The type I carbonaceous chondrites do not, as a rule, contain
chondrules, but are classified as chondrites because of their chemical
composition and similarity to type II and III.

The achondrites are comparatively rare and are more similar in texture
to the lunar and terrestrial igneous rocks.

Out of a sample of 2,000 meteorites reported, only 64 are achondrites.
They fall into two major categories, the low calcium or calcium poor
variety and the high calcium or calcium rich variety. However they
possess such a diversity that they fall into eight distinct classes.
The classification names are either name of the predominate mineral or
the location name of examples.

The Calcium Poor Achondrites:
  Aubrite/Enstatite achondrites. Primarily enstatite, a magnesium
  silicate, variety of orthorhombic pyroxene, 9 examples are known.
  
  Diogenite/Hypersthene or Bronzite achondrites. Primarily the variety
  of orthorhombic pyroxene; hypersthene, an iron magnesium silicate,
  8 examples are known.

  Chassignite/Olivine achondrites. Primarily olivine. An iron
  magnesium silicate, one example is known.

  Urelite/Olivine-Pigeonite achondrites. Primarily olivine, and a 
  monoclinic variety of pyroxene; pigeonite, with some nickel-iron
  and carbon. This is the only variety of meteorites in which 
  diamonds have been found, 3 examples are known.

The Calcium Rich Achondrites:
  Eucrites and Howardites/Basaltic achondrites or 
  orthopyroxene-pigeonite-plagioclase achondrites and pigeonite 
  plagioclase achondrites. These are made up of monoclinic and
  orthorhombic pyroxenes and plagioclase. Over 40 specimens fall
  into this category

  Nakhlite/Diopside achondrites. These are predominately monoclinic
  pyroxenes, especially diopside, with some olivine, 2 known
  specimens.      

  Angrite/Augite. This variety is primarily monoclinic pyroxene
  augite, one specimen is known.

There is another variety of object of suspected extra-terrestrial
origin which does not fit into the classification scheme of
meteorites. These are the tektites.

Tektites are a separate class of silica-rich glass which resemble
obsidian but are quite distinct from any terrestrial obsidian. As yet
none have been observed to fall, thus there is some dispute as to
their origin, whether meteoric, volcanic, or cosmic. While meteorites
are found widely distributed over the entire earth, tektites have only
been found in widely scattered locations.

Their size is generally under 200 grams, are rounded masses and have
been found in regions which rule out volcanic origins. They may be
fragments of a thin glassy surface of a comet or perhaps the result of
condensation of cometary material. One theory indicates lunar origin
as they resemble some of the lunar glass -- although the tektites are
much larger.

Thus we see that some material is similar to the Earth and moon and
some is quite different. Some evidence indicates cometary origin. To
accept a planetary explosion origin, one needs to consider that impact
upon a body of diameter greater than 1,000 km will probably not result
in an explosion or fragmentation.

Thus, perhaps some meteoroids have their origin with the asteroids,
some with comets, and some....?

The book is not closed. There is a great deal of careful study and
experimentation left to be accomplished.

Prepared by: Dr. Harry B. Herzer, III
NASA Aerospace Education Services Project
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

Third Article:

This article was taken from http://www.crystalinks.com/meteors.html

METEORS - METEORITES

Meteoroids are little bits of dust and stone that float around the solar system waiting to strike an atmosphere and burn. Meteors are those bits that hit the Earth's atmosphere and burn away leaving a short fiery tail. Meteorites are those bits of rock, often of asteroid origin, which are large enough to penetrate the atmosphere and hit the Earth's surface. It has been calculated that many tons of meteor dust hit the Earth's atmosphere every day without ever reaching the ground.

Meteors were originally thought to be part of the atmosphere, like lightening. This is why the word originates from the same Greek root as meteorology; the study of parts of the atmosphere. It has been recorded for millennia that meteors are often seen as a shower. On certain days of the year many brilliant streaks can be seen every hour.

More than 2000 meteorites have been recovered. They are of different types, Stony meteorites, iron meteorites and the rare carbonaceous chondrites. The largest meteorite that has been found is the 60 tonne Hoba iron meteorite; the largest stony meteorite weighs about a tonne and the Allende carbonaceous chondrite was a series of chunks that totalled about 5 tonnes.

Impact craters are known on the Earth that correspond to bodies far larger than these. One of the best known is the Arizona crater in the USA which is 1280 metres across and 180 metres deep. It was formed several thousand years ago by a 250,000 tonne meteorite with a diameter of 70 metres hitting the Earth at a speed of nearly 60,000 km/h.

Meteor Streams.

Many meteors originated in material stripped off from comets by radiation from the Sun. This material continues to follow the orbit of the originating comet but gets spread out along the orbit. If the path of the Earth passes through this stream of particles then we will see many meteors whose paths in the sky will appear to radiate from one point in the sky (the radiant) which is in the direction from which the stream is coming. Many such meteor showers are seen throughout the year. Some are associated with known comets while others are remnants of comets that are unknown. Most showers produce about 20, or so, meteors per hour but there are showers which can produce thousands of meteors over a period of less than an hour. Such shows are, unfortunately, very rare. Meteor showers are named after the constellation from which they appear to radiate. A list of prominent showers is given below.

Sporadic Meteors.

Meteors may be seen on any night of the year when the Moon is not bright. If no prominent shower is active then most of the meteors that are seen will come from random directions in space and will thus show no tendency to radiate from any part of the sky. These meteors are called sporadic meteors and about 7 per hour is the normal rate for them to be seen. Most fire-balls and meteorites are sporadic meteors. The material in these meteors is associated with the material in the asteroids and it is likely that they represent material that has come from fragmented asteroids. Some rarer types of meteoric matter are believed to have originated on the Moon and on Mars, probably as a result of matter being exploded from the surface by the impact of a large meteorite.

THE PATH OF A METEOR

Entry into the atmosphere:

When they hit the atmosphere, meteors rub against air particles and create friction, heating the meteors to more than 3000 degrees Fahrenheit. The heat vaporizes most meteors, creating what we call shooting stars (most become visible at around 60 miles up). Some large meteors splatter, causing a brighter flash called a fireball, which can often be heard up to 30 miles away. When meteors hit the ground, they're called meteorites. Some meteors are bits broken off asteroids, others -- mere cosmic dust -- are cast off by comets. (And one more term: A meteoroid is an object in space that may, if it enters our atmosphere, become a meteor.)

Meteor breakup:

Whether an object breaks apart depends on its composition, speed, and angle of entry. A faster meteor at an oblique angle suffers greater stress. Meteors made of iron withstand the stress better than those of stone. Even an iron meteor will usually break up as the atmosphere becomes more dense, around 5 to 7 miles up. A meteor sometimes explodes above the surface, causing widespread damage from the blast and ensuing fire. This happened in 1908 over over Siberia.

Impact with Earth:

Extraterrestrial objects that hit the ground, their speed roughly half what it was upon entry, blast out craters 12 to 20 times their size. Craters on Earth form much as they would on the moon or any rocky planet. Smaller objects create simple, bowl-shaped craters. Larger impacts cause a rebound that creates a central peak; slipping along the rim forms terraces. The largest impacts form basins in which multiple rebounds form several inner peaks.

TYPES OF METEORITES

Meteorite Types

Iron	primarily iron and nickel; similar to type M asteroids
Stony Iron	mixtures of iron and stony material like type S asteroids
Chondrite	by far the largest number of meteorites fall into this class; similar in composition to the mantles and crusts of the terrestrial planets
Carbonaceous Chondrite	very similar in composition to the Sun less volatiles; similar to type C asteroids
Achondrite	similar to terrestrial basalts; the meteorites believed to have originated on the Moon and Mars are achondrites

"Fall" means the meteorite was witnessed by someone as it fell from the sky. A "find" means the meteorite was not witnessed and the meteorite was found after the fact. About 33% of the meteorites are witnessed falls.

Also Visit:

Evidence from the Quran that Allah Almighty Created the 7 Heavens and all of their Earths from Cloning.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.

Rebuttals:

www.answering-christianity.com/blog/index.php/topic,2137.msg9273.html#msg9273  Debate about Dahaha meaning.

www.answering-christianity.com/blog/index.php/topic,2270.msg10136.html#msg10136  Another debate about Dahaha meaning.

My response to Shahid bin waheed's rebuttal to my "The amazing creation of Earth and Iron" article.

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.  Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.

  

Rebuttal to points some critics had raised:

"Heaven" in Noble Verses 37:6 and 65:12:

Is the word "heaven" in the two Noble Verses the same?  Some critics tried to refute the fact that the Noble Quran mentioned 7 Ozone layers and Seven different Heavens.  Here is a quote from an email that I received:

"you have another serious scientific problem. You claim that the seven layers of the atmosphere refer to the seven heavens. Read the Quran ! It explicitly states that the stars are fixed on the lowest layer. Now imagine what happens if a star is in the troposphere. Is there one ? No. With this "proof" you don't prove anything. It introduces even more contradictions."

Let us look at what Allah Almighty Said in the two Noble Verses:

"We have indeed decked the lower heaven with beauty (in) the stars,-  (The Noble Quran, 37:6)"

"God is He Who created seven Firmaments and of the earth a similar number. Through the midst of them (all) descends His Command: that ye may know that God has power over all things, and that God comprehends, all things in (His) Knowledge.  (The Noble Quran, 65:12)"

The "...seven Firmaments and of the earth similar..." is thoroughly discussed here:

Also Visit:

There are many earths, not just one.  Earth is both singular and plural in the Glorious Quran [2] (والارض جميعا  all of the earths).
  

The egg-shaped earth in the Glorious Quran.

The formation of continents and spherical expansion of earth in the Glorious Quran.
  
Noble Verse [013:004] And in the earth are neighbouring tracts وفي الارض قطع متجاورات and many others are discussed.

Continents formation and reducing land from its sides (اطرافها) in the Glorious Quran.

Detailed rebuttal about the shape of the Earth in the Glorious Quran.  Detailed discussion about SUTIHAT.